If we look around us, we find that there are number of objects which are in motion. An object is said to be in motion if it changes its ...
If we look around us, we find that there are number of objects which are in motion. An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with the passes of time. In other words, the movement of an object is known as the motion of the object.
Now observe the following bodies or objects and you will be able to understand the meaning of the term "Motion". Cars, cycles, motor-cycles, scooters, buses, rickshaws, truck etc. running on the road. Birds flying in the sky, Fish swimming in water. All these objects are in motion. Very small objects like atoms and molecules (building blocks of substances) and very large objects like planets, stars and galaxies (Building block of universe) are in motion.
Thus, all objects ranging from a smallest atom to the largest galaxies are in continuous motion.
Rest and Motion:
As we know, in this universe nothing is fixed at a single place. The Galaxies are moving away from each other and universe is spreading. Therefore, everything is changing its position with respect to the time. Rest and Motion is the branch of Physics that deals with the position with the position of a body. We will study the two different physical quantities "Motion and Rest" to describe the position of a body.
In our day to day life, we often come across the terms rest and motion. In actual, in this universe nothing is in the rest. Earth moves around the Sun. Sun also moves around the center of the Galaxy. Galaxies are moving away each other and so on. The objects, which we see as in rest, actual are in motion. As the Earth is moving around the Sun, objects on the Earth are also moving along.
However, we use the terms rest and motion in Physics and in our day to day life.
The rest and motion are actually two different physical quantities, which are used to describe the position of an object with respect to time and a reference point. If the object's position has changed with respect to the reference point, the object is said to be in the motion and if the object's position has not changed with respect to the reference point, the object is said to be in the rest.
Therefore, a reference point is essential to describe whether the object is in motion or in the rest and different reference point may give different result.
Why a reference point is to describe a body is in Rest or in Motion?
Let us describe the position of a person who is travelling from Khargapur to Kolkata by train. If we take Khargapur station as a reference point, then he/she is in the motion, as in the beginning he was on the station and now he/she is away of the station. And if we take windows of the train as a reference point, then the person is still at the same distance from the windows as on Khargapur station. So, the person is in the rest. Therefore, whether an object is in rest or in motion depends on the reference point that the observer choose to describe object's position.
Let us take one more example:
Suppose an object is at the distance of \(5m\) in the east direction from a pole fixed on the ground. The object is said to be in motion:
➤ If the object's distance from the pole increases or decreases.
➤ The distance remains fixed and direction of the object changes.
The object is in the rest
➤ If neither distance nor direction of the object from the pole changes.
Describing Motion:
To describe the motion of an object, its position, velocity etc. are measured. When we measure the position of an object, then it is measured from some fixed point known as the reference point. For example, let us say that our school is \(2km\) away in the south direction from our home. It means, we measure the position of our school in the south direction from our home. So in this case, our home is the reference point. Similarly, suppose a person says that a bus is moving. It means, the bus is changing its position with respect to the person. So in that case, the person is the reference point.
Position of a Particle:
To describe the state (Rest or Motion) of a object, at first locate the object in a platform (reference frame or reference point).
Suppose, any object is situated at point \(O\) and three observers from three different places are looking for same object, then all three observers will have different observations about the position of point \(O\) and no one will be wrong. Because, they are observing the object from their different position.
➤ Observer '\(A\)' says: Point \(O\) is \(3m\) away in west direction.
➤ Observer '\(B\)' says: Point \(O\) is \(4m\) away in south direction.
➤ Observer '\(C\)' says: Point \(O\) is \(5m\) away in east direction.
Therefore, position of any point is completely expressed by two factors:
➤ Its distance from the observer.
➤ Its direction with respect to observer.
That is why position is characterised by a physical quantity known as position of a particle. Generally, it represented by a vector quantity to completely expressed the position of a particle with respect to a reference frame.
Reference Frame:
It is a system to which a set of co-ordinates are attached and with reference to which observer describes any event. Simply, it is a platform on which we can analyse and observe a body whether it is in a rest or motion. Here point to be noted that, reference frame may be rest or in uniform motion or in accelerated. With respect to any type of reference frame, we can see a particle is in rest, or in uniform motion or in accelerated.
➤ If a body does not change its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be at "Rest".
➤ If a body changes its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be in "Motion".
A passenger standing on platform observes that tree on a platform is at rest.
But when the same passenger is passing away in a train through station, observes that tree is in motion backwards.
In both conditions observer is right. But, observations are different because in first situation observer stands on a platform, which is reference frame at rest and in second situation observer moving in train, which is reference frame in motion.
So, rest and motion are relative terms. It depends upon the frame of references.
Motion is a relative term:
When we say that a body or an object is in motion, then it is essential to see whether the body or object changes its position with respect to other bodies or objects around it or with respect to any fixed point known as reference point. For example, when a bus moves on a road, then the bus as well as the passengers sitting in it changes their positions with respect to a person standing on the road side. So, the bus and the passengers sitting in it are in motion with respect to the person standing on the road side. However, the passengers sitting in the bus do not change their positions with respect to each other. It means, the passengers sitting in a moving bus are not in motion with respect to each other. Here we find that an object is in motion only if it changes its position (or moves) with respect to a fixed point or a fixed body. Therefore, a body or an object is in motion with respect to one thing but the same body or an object may not be in motion with respect to another thing. Thus, motion is a relative term.
Particle or Point Mass:
The smallest part of matter with zero dimension which can be described by its mass and position is defined as a particle. If the size of a body is negligible in comparison to its range of motion then that body is known as a particle .
A body (Group of particles) to be known as a particle depends upon types of motion. For example in a planetary motion around the sun the different planets can be presumed to be the particles.
In above consideration when we treat body as particle, all parts of the body undergo same displacement and have same velocity and acceleration.
Classification of Motion:
There are basic four type of motion. Let us study them in details:
➤ Translational Motion.
There are two type also:
⟹ Rectilinear Translational Motion.
⟹ Curvilinear Translational Motion
➤ Circular Motion.
➤ Rotatory Motion.
➤ Periodic Motion.
Without four basic type of motion, there are some type of mixed type of motion also seen of some objects.
➤ Rectilinear Motion:
When a body travels on a straight path, the body is said to be in rectilinear translational motion. And if the body travels on a curved path, the body is said to be in curvilinear translation motion.
Example of linear motion:
➽ Motion of a moving car on a straight road.
➽ Motion of a ball dropped from the roof of a building.
➤ Circular Motion:
When a body travels in a circular path, the body is said to be in circular motion.
Example of Circular Motion:
➽ Motion of a merry-go-round.
➽ Motion of Earth revolving around the Sun.
➤ Rotatory Motion:
When a body moves around a fixed axis, it is said to be in rotatory motion.
Example of Rotatory Motion:
➽ Motion of an electric fan.
➽ Motion of a spinning top.
➤ Periodic Motion:
When a body repeats its motion, after a regular intervals of time, it is said to be in periodic motion.
Example of Periodic Motion:
➽ Motion of a pendulum of a wall clock.
➽ Motion of a child swinging in a swing.
➽ Motion of a simple pendulum.
Basic Classification of Motion (According on the basis of covered distance.)
➤ Uniform Motion (Uniform⟺Alike):
If a body covers equal distances in equal interval of time, the body is said to be in the uniform motion. Here interval of time means time duration or time difference.
In the above picture, speed of the car is constant at different interval of time. Therefore, it covers equal distances in equal interval of time. Thus the above shown car is in uniform motion.
➤ Graphical Representation of the Uniform Motion:
The above graph shows that the body covers the distance \(20m\) in every \(5\min \). It means, the body covers equal distance in equal interval of time, therefore, the body is in uniform motion.
From this above graph we see that if motion of a body, on a distance-time graph, represents a straight line, it means the body is in uniform motion.
➤ Non Uniform Motion:
There are two conditions for a motion to be non uniform:
⏩ When a body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time.
⏩ When a body covers equal distances in unequal interval of time.
➤ Graphical Representation of the Non uniform Motion:
The above graph shows, the body covers \(20m\) in first \(5\min \), \(25m\) in next \(5\min \), \(15m\) in next \(5\min\) and \(20m\) in the last \(5\min \). It means the body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time. Thus the body is in non uniform motion.
Here we see that if motion of a body, on a distance-time graph, represents a curved line, it means the body has non uniform motion.
Bengali Version For WBBSE Board Exam:
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āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āϰেāϞāĻাā§ী āĻŦা āĻŽোāĻāϰāĻাā§ী āĻāϰা āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰāĻে, āĻāĻাāĻļে āĻĒাāĻিāϰ āĻā§া, āĻĻৌā§াāύো, āĻāϞেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŽাāĻেāϰ āϏাঁāϤাāϰ āĻাāĻা āĻāĻুāϞি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ। āĻাāϰāĻŖ, āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšāĻ্āĻে। āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻāĻুāϞি āĻāĻāύ āϝে āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύে āĻāĻে, āĻিāĻুāĻ্āώāĻŖ āĻĒāϰে āĻĻেāĻা āϝাāĻŦে āϤাāϰা āĻāϰ āϏেāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύে āύেāĻ, āĻ āύ্āϝāϤ্āϰ āĻāϞে āĻেāĻে। āϤাāĻ āĻāϰা āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু। āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻে āĻāϞোāĻāύা āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāĻে, āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻে āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻāϰে āύিāϤে āĻšā§। āĻāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻি āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰāϞে, āĻŦāϞা āĻšāĻŦে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻি āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāĻŦং āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āύা āĻāϰāϞে, āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে āĻāĻŖ্āϝ āĻāϰা āĻšā§।āϤাāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻাāύে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒ্āϰেāĻ্āώিāϤে āĻĻুāĻ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻĻেāĻāϤে āĻĒাāĻ্āĻি।
(1) āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Rest):
āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āύা āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻাāĻŦে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞি।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা, āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻĒাāĻšাā§-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।
(2) āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Motion):
āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻাāĻŦে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞি।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āϰেāϞāĻাā§ী, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāĻāϰāĻাā§ী, āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻĨাāĻা āĻāϞেāĻāĻ্āϰāύ āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।
āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻāĻু āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻāĻĨাā§ āĻāϏা āϝাāĻ:
āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϤে āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻুāϞিāĻে āĻĻেāĻি, āϝāĻĻি āĻāĻ āϏৌāϰāĻāĻāϤেāϰ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāĻāϰে āϝাāĻā§া āϏāĻŽ্āĻāĻŦ āĻšāϤো, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĻেāĻāϤাāĻŽ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ েāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰে āĻĨাāĻা āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ (āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা, āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻĒাāĻšাā§-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ) āϏāĻŦāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻুāĻে। āĻাāϰāĻŖ, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāĻেāĻ āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻুāϰāĻে। āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻļুāϧু āĻāĻŽāύি āĻāĻŽāύি āĻোāϰা āύā§, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āϞাāĻ্āĻুāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĒাāĻ āĻেāϤে āĻেāϤে āĻুāϰāĻে। āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻূāĻোāϞে āĻেāύেāĻি āϝে, āĻāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āύিāĻেāϰ āĻ āĻ্āώāĻে āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻāϰে āϞাāĻ্āĻুāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĒাāĻ āĻাāĻā§াāĻা āĻšāϞ āĻāĻš্āύিāĻ āĻāϤি āĻāĻŦং āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻুāϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻাāĻা āĻšāϞ āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি। āϏেāĻা āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻĒāϰে āĻূāĻোāϞ āĻŦিāώā§ে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰিāϤāĻাāĻŦে āĻāϰāĻ āĻাāύāĻŦো। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤāĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϤে āϝাāĻে āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻি, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāĻāϰে āĻĨেāĻে āĻĻেāĻāϞে āĻি āĻĻেāĻāϤাāĻŽ? āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ āĻāϰ āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻāĻŽāϰাāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻুāϰāĻি। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤāĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻু āύেāĻ। āϏāĻŦāĻিāĻুāĻ āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে। āϤাāĻšāϞে āϤāĻŦুāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻাāύে āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী āĻŦা āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞাāĻুāϞিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻি āĻŦা āύিāĻেāĻĻেāϰāĻেāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻাāĻŦি āĻেāύ? āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦাā§ীāϰ āϏাāĻŽāύেāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻাāĻāĻি āĻŦাā§ীāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻা āĻĨেāĻে āĻ িāĻ āϝāϤāĻা āĻāĻে, āϏেāĻা āĻĻুāĻāĻĻিāύ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦা āĻĻুāĻ āĻŦāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰেāĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĻূāϰāϤ্āĻŦে āĻĻেāĻāĻŦ। āϤাāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻাāĻāĻি āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻি। āĻāĻাāύে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦাā§ীāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻāĻŽāĻাāĻāĻিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻি। āĻāĻাāύে āĻŦাā§ীāĻিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻেāĻŦে āĻāĻাāύে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāĻ্āĻে āĻāĻŽāĻাāĻāĻি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤāĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāύা āĻāϰি āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻেāĻŦে। āĻāĻাāύে āĻāĻ āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāĻে āĻŦিāĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āĻাāώাā§ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Reference Body)। āϤাāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ āĻোāύāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻāϰি।
āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻā§েāĻāĻি āĻŽāĻাāϰ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖে āĻāϏা āϝাāĻ:
(1) āĻāĻāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύ āĻā§্āĻāĻĒুāϰ āϏ্āĻেāĻļāύ āĻেā§ে āĻšাāĻā§াāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻুāĻāĻে। āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ ে āϝে āϞোāĻāĻি āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻāĻে āϏে āĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻে?
āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ ে āϝে āϞোāĻāĻি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻাāĻŦে āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻāĻে, āϏে āĻĻেāĻāĻে āĻ্āϰেāύāĻি āĻšাāĻā§াāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ।
(2) āĻāĻ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻাāύাāϞাāϰ āϧাāϰে āϝে āϞোāĻāĻি āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻে āϏে āĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻে?
āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰী āĻĻেāĻāĻে āϝে, āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āϞোāĻāĻিāĻ āĻĒিāĻāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻেāϰ āĻুāĻāĻে।
(3) āĻāĻŦাāϰ āϧāϰো āĻĻুāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύ āĻĻুāĻি āĻāϞাāĻĻা āĻāϞাāĻĻা āϞাāĻāύে āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦেāĻে āĻšাāĻā§াāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āϝাāĻ্āĻে। āĻāĻ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻাāύাāϞাāϰ āϧাāϰে āϝে āĻĻুāĻি āϞোāĻ āĻŦāϏে āĻāϏে āϤাāϰা āύিāĻেāĻĻেāϰāĻে āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰ āĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻে?
āϤাāϰা āĻĻুāĻāĻāύ, āĻĻুāĻāĻāύāĻেāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻāϞ্āĻĒ āĻāϰāϤে āĻāϰāϤেāĻ āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšā§। āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āϤাāϰা āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে āϝāĻĻিāĻ āĻ্āϰেāύāĻĻুāĻি āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻŦেāĻে āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ।
(4) āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻিāϤে āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻĨাāĻা āĻোāύāĻ āϞোāĻ, āϏে āĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻে?
āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻাāĻŦে āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻĨাāĻা āϞোāĻāĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে, āĻĻুāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύāĻ āĻুāĻāĻে āĻāĻŦং āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻা āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āϞোāĻāĻ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨেāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ।
(5) āĻāĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰী āϝāĻĻি āĻŦাāĻāϰে āύা āϤাāĻাā§ āϤাāϰ āĻাāĻে āĻি āĻŽāύে āĻšāĻŦে?
āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύāĻিāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰী āϝāĻĻি āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āύা āϤাāĻাā§ āϤাāĻšāϞে āϏে āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻিāϤāϰāĻাāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻিāĻু āĻŦāϏ্āϤু, āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ, āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে।
āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻোāĻে āϝা āĻĻেāĻে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāύা āĻāϰি āϏেāĻা āĻāϏāϞ āύā§। āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻাāĻāĻে āĻŦāϞি āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻোāύāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ
āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āύা āĻšāϞেāĻ āϤাāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻেāĻŦে āύিā§ে āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻāϰি। āϤাāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ্āϰেāύে, āĻŦাāϏে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻāϞেāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āύিāĻেāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻেāĻŦে āύিā§ে āĻĻেāĻি āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻুāϞি, āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা āϏāĻŦāĻিāĻু āϤাāϰা āĻĒিāĻāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻুāĻāĻে।
āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ, āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦে āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻাāĻŦে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻুāĻ āύেāĻ। āϏেāĻāĻāύ্āϝে āĻŦāϞাāϝাā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (State of absolute rest) āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻু āύেāĻ। āϝেāĻšেāϤু, āĻĒāϰāĻŽ-āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āĻāϤিāϰ āϤুāϞāύা āĻāϰেāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ-āĻāϤি āĻাāύāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϏেāĻāĻāύ্āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ-āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞেāĻ āĻিāĻু āύেāĻ। āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤি āĻĒুāϰোāĻাāĻ āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ। āϤাāĻ āĻāϏāϞে āϝা āĻāĻে āϤা āĻšāϞ āĻĒুāϰোāĻাāĻ āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি (Relative Motion)। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻুāϰāĻে, āϤাāϰ āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ ে āĻĨাāĻা āϏāĻŦāĻিāĻুāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ। āϤāĻŦুāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻāϰāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ (Reference Body) āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻāĻŦং āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻেāĻŦে āύিā§ে। āĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ্āĻে āĻā§েāĻāĻি āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤিāϰ (Relative Motion) āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻā§া āϝাāĻ।
(1) āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĻিāĻে āϧাāĻŦāĻŽাāύ āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা āĻ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ীāϰ āĻāϤি।
(2) āĻĒāĻļ্āĻিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻš্āύিāĻ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŽāϰা āύিāĻেāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻেāĻŦে āϏূāϰ্āϝāĻে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒāĻļ্āĻিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻে āϝেāϤে āĻĻেāĻি।
(3) āĻĻুāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĻিāĻে āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦেāĻে āĻেāϞে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰ āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāĻে āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে।
āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (Rest) āĻ āĻāϤি (Motion) āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻাāĻ āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ (Relative):
āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒাāϰিāĻĒাāϰ্āĻļ্āĻŦিāĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰāϞে, āϤাāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে, āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻĒাāϰিāĻĒাāϰ্āĻļ্āĻŦিāĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āύা āĻāϰāϞে, āϤাāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§।
āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤāĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻāĻāĻি āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ āĻŦিāώā§। āĻāĻি āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώেāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(1) āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĨাāĻāϞে, āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞাāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āĻĻেāĻে।
(2) āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώāĻ āĻোāύāĻ āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āĻ্āϰেāύে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āĻĨাāĻāϞে, āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āĻāĻ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞাāĻে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤāĻĻিāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āĻĻেāĻে।
(3) āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦেāĻে, āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻোāύো āĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϞে āĻŽāύে āĻāϰে।
(4) āĻŽাāĻ েāϰ āϧাāϰে āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻĨাāĻা āĻোāύো āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻāϰ্āĻļāĻেāϰ āĻাāĻে āĻāĻ āĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āĻ্āϰেāύāĻি āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āϤাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰীāĻĻেāϰāĻেāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĻেāĻে।
(5) āĻোāύো āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŦা āĻŦাāϏেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻĒāϰāϏ্āĻĒāϰ, āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻে।
āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āϤা āύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻāϰāĻে, āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώāĻেāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ।
āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻāϰি। āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāĻেāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ। āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāĻেāĻ, āύিāĻ āĻ āĻ্āώāĻে āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻāϰে āĻāϰāϤে āĻুāϰāϤে (āĻāĻš্āύিāĻ āĻāϤি) āϏূāϰ্āϝāĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ (āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি) āĻāϰāĻে। āĻāĻŦাāϰ āϏূāϰ্āϝ, āύāĻ্āώāϤ্āϰ, āύāĻ্āώāϤ্āϰāĻĒুāĻ্āĻ āĻোāύোāĻিāĻুāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āύেāĻ। āϏāĻŦāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ।
āϤাāĻ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āĻāϰāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (Absolute Rest) āĻŦা āĻāϰāĻŽ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ (Absolute Motion) āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻুāĻ āύেāĻ। āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻļুāϧু āĻোāύো āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻāϰি। āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻোāύো āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি (Relative Motion) āύিāϰ্āĻŖā§ āĻāϰি।
āϤাāĻ āĻŦāϞা āϝাā§, āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āĻāϰāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϰāĻŽ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻুāĻ āύেāĻ। āĻĒুāϰোāĻাāĻ āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ।
āϤাāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻেāϞে āĻāĻāĻি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Reference Frame) āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ āĻāϰে āϤাāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āĻāĻāĻি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Co-ordinate System) āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰāϤে āĻšā§।
āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Reference Frame):
āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻেāϞে, āϝে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰা āĻšā§, āϤাāĻে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Reference Body) āĻŦāϞে।
āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Reference Body) āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻāĻি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻে āĻŦেāĻে āύি, āϝাāϤে āĻāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤিāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āϏāĻšāĻে āύিāϰ্āĻŖā§ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰি। āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(1) āϏāĻŽāĻŦেāĻে āĻāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে, āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻা āĻোāύো āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāϞে, āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻেāĻ āϝুāĻ্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ।
(2) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻেāϞে, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨেāĻ āϝুāĻ্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ।
(3) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāϞে, āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϝুāĻ্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ।
āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ (Choice of Co-ordinate System):
āϝে āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϏংāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϏাāĻŽ্āϝ (Symmetry) āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻāϰে āĻāĻāĻি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āϤāĻŦে āĻŦেāĻļিāϰāĻাāĻ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰেāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻাāϰ্āϤেāĻীā§ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Cartesian Co-ordinate System) āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ āĻāϰে āĻĨাāĻি। āĻāĻাāύে āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻি āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āĻ āύ্āϤিāĻŽ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āĻ āϤাāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāώ⧠āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āĻāĻাāύে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻāĻŽāϰা āϝে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ āĻāϰি āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰāĻিāϰ āĻāϤি āϏংāĻ্āϰাāύ্āϤ āϰাāĻļিāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻāϰি।
āϤাāĻ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϞা āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (Rest) āĻ āĻāϤিāϰ (Motion) āϏংāĻ্āĻাāĻিāĻে āĻāĻāĻু āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻāϰে āύিāĻ।
āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Rest):
āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āϤাāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϤুāϞāύাā§ āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšā§ āύা, āϏেāĻ āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে। āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা (State of Rest)।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা, āĻĒাāĻšাā§-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ, āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦেāĻে āĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĻুāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻাāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰাāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ āĻāϰা āϝাā§।
āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Motion):
āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āϤাāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϤুāϞāύাā§ āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšā§, āϏেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে। āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা (State of Motion)।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύ, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāĻāϰāĻাā§ী, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāĻāϰ āĻাā§ীāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻাāĻŦāϞে, āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা , āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ীāϰ āĻĒিāĻāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।
āĻāĻŖাāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻŦা āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāĻāϰেāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖা (Concept of Particle or Point Mass):
āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤি āύিā§ে āĻāϞোāĻāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻিā§ে, āĻāϞোāĻāύাāϰ āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻ āύেāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āĻāĻŖা (Particle) āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻāϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻāϰে āύি। āϝেāĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰāĻ āĻিāĻুāĻা āĻāϰ āĻ āĻā§āϤāύ āĻāĻে। āϝāĻĻি āĻāϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻāϰা āĻšā§ āϝে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦিāύ্āϤুāϤে āĻāύীāĻূāϤ āĻāĻে āϤāĻāύ āϤাāĻে āĻāĻŖা āĻŦāϞে। āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻāϰ āĻāĻে āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻā§āϤāύ āύেāĻ।
āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦ āĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤ্āĻŦ āύেāĻ।
āĻāϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰāĻেāĻĻ (Kinds of Motion):
āĻāϤি āύাāύা āϰāĻāĻŽেāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻĒ্āϰাā§ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻ āĻোāύো āϏāϰāϞ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻĻুāĻি āϏāϰāϞ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦā§ে āĻāĻ িāϤ āĻšā§।
➤ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Transnational Motion):
āĻāĻি āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻĻুāĻ āϰāĻāĻŽেāϰ āĻšā§:
⟹ āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Rectilinear Translational Motion):
⟹ āĻŦāĻ্āϰāĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Curvilinear Translational Motion):
➤ āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤ āĻāϤি (Circular Motion):
➤ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤি (Rotational Motion):
➤ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাā§āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻāϤি (Periodic Motion):
āĻāĻি āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻĻুāĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।
⟹ āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦা āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ (Oscillation):
⟹ āϰৈāĻিāĻ āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻোāϞāĻāϤি (Simple Harmonic Motion):
➤ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰ āĻāϤি (Mixed Motion):
➤ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Translational Motion):
āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšāϞে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻāĻি āĻāĻŖা āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰ āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻাā§ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻĻূāϰāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ āϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰāϞে, āϏেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
⟹ āϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Rectilinear Translational Motion):
āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύো āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšā§, āϤাāĻšāϞে āϤাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ āϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϰুāϞাāϰেāϰ āϧাāϰ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻĒেāύāϏিāϞ āĻĻিā§ে āϏোāĻা āĻĻাāĻ āĻাāĻাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒেāύāϏিāϞেāϰ āĻļিāϏেāϰ āĻ āĻ্āϰāĻাāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(ii) āϏোāĻা āϰাāϏ্āϤা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻাā§ীāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āϏোāĻা āϰেāϞāϞাāĻāύ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iv) āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϞāĻে āĻিāĻুāĻা āĻঁāĻু āĻĨেāĻে āĻĢেāϞে āĻĻিāϞে āϏেāĻি āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āύীāĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒā§āϤে āĻĨাāĻে।
(v) āĻ āĻিāĻāϰ্āώেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦে āύীāĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāϤāύāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা āĻāϞ্āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāĻাāĻŦে āĻāĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĻিāĻে āύিāĻ্āώেāĻĒ āĻāϰা āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāϤি।
(vi) āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻā§āύ্āϤ āĻĒাāĻিāϰ āĻāϤি।
(vii) āĻ্āϝাāϰাāĻŽ āĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄেāϰ āϏ্āĻ্āϰাāĻāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(viii) āĻাāĻĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āĻĸিāϞāĻে āĻেā§ে āĻĻিāϞে āϏেāĻি āϏোāĻাāϏুāĻি āύীāĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒā§āϤে āĻĨাāĻে।
(ix) āĻাāĻĻেāϰ āĻাāϰ্āύিāĻļ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻ āĻুāĻāϰো āĻঁāĻ āύীāĻে āĻĒā§ে āϝাāĻ্āĻে।
(x) āĻāϰ্āĻĻ্āϧāĻাāĻŽী āĻŽাāϞāĻŦাāĻšী āĻŦেāϞুāύ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦাāϞিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤা āĻĢেāϞে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāϞ।
(xi) āĻাāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āύীāĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒাāĻা āĻĢāϞেāϰ āĻāϤি।
⟹ āĻŦāĻ্āϰāĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Curvilinear Translational Motion):
āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϝāĻĻি āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĒāĻĨে āύা āĻিā§ে āĻোāύো āĻŦāĻ্āϰāĻĒāϤ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āϤাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻŦāĻ্āϰāĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻাāĻĻ āĻĨেāĻে āϏাāĻŽāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে (āĻ āύুāĻূāĻŽিāĻāĻাāĻŦে) āĻুঁā§ে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(ii) āĻŦাā§ুāϤে āĻ āύুāĻূāĻŽিāĻāĻাāĻŦে āύিāĻ্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āĻŦাā§ুāϤে āĻŦāϰ্āĻļা āĻোঁā§া।
(iv) āĻŦাāϏ্āĻেāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻোঁā§া āĻŦাāϏ্āĻেāĻāĻŦāϞেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(v) āĻঁāĻাāĻŦাঁāĻা āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰে āĻāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻোāύো āĻĒিঁāĻĒā§েāϰ āĻāϤি।
➤ āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤ āĻāϤি (Circular Motion):
āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻāĻŖা āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāĻে āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻāϰে āϤাāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻুāϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻāϞে, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŖাāĻিāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ (āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি)।
(ii) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ।
(iii) āĻā§িāϰ āĻাঁāĻাāϰ āĻ āĻ্āϰāĻাāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iv) āĻŽেāϞাā§ āύাāĻāϰāĻĻোāϞা āĻোāϰাāϰ āĻāϤি।
(v) āĻā§িāϰ āĻĒেāύ্āĻĄুāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(vi) āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϰ āύিāĻāĻ্āϞিā§াāϏেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻāϞেāĻāĻ্āϰāύ āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻāϤি।
(vii) āϏূāϤোā§ āĻŦাঁāϧা āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻুāĻāϰোāĻে āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻোāϰাāύো āĻšā§।
➤ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤি (Rotational Motion):
āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύো āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻ āĻ্āώেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰে, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে। āĻāĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϤে āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ āĻ্āώāĻি āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĨাāĻে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āϤাāϰ āύিāĻ āĻ āĻ্āώেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāĻļ্āĻিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻে āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰāĻে (āĻāĻš্āύিāĻ āĻāϤি)।
(ii) āĻāĻ āĻাā§āĻাā§ āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻĒাāĻ āĻেāϤে āĻĨাāĻা āϞাāĻ্āĻুāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āĻŦৈāĻĻ্āϝুāϤিāĻ āĻĒাāĻাāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āĻুāĻŽোāϰেāϰ āĻাāĻাāϰ āĻāϤি।
➤ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻিāϞ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ:
āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ্āύ āĻšā§, āϤাāĻšāϞে āϏেāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻিāϞ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻোāύো āĻাā§ীāϰ āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻাāĻাāϰ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
(ii) āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āϏাāĻāĻেāϞেāϰ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
(iii) āϏ্āĻ্āϰু-āĻĄ্āϰাāĻāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
(iv) āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻ্āϝাāϏ āĻ āĻŖুāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ, āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāύ]
(v) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি, āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
➤ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাā§āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻāϤি (Periodic Motion):
āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻāĻŖা āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻ āύ্āϤāϰ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻ āϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰে āĻŦা āĻāϤিāϰ āĻĒুāύāϰাāĻŦৃāϤ্āϤি āĻāϰে, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāĻ āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻĒāϰ্āϝাā§āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϤি।
(ii) āĻā§িāϰ āĻাঁāĻাāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āĻĻেāĻā§াāϞ āĻā§িāϰ āĻĻোāϞāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iv) āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāύ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻāϤি।
⟹ āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦা āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ (Oscillation or Vibration):
āĻĒāϰ্āϝাā§āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻāϤি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ্āύ āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻāĻŖা āϝāĻĻি āĻāϤিāĻĒāĻĨেāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāĻে āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻāϰে āĻāĻĻিāĻ-āĻāĻĻিāĻ (To and Fro) āĻāύ্āĻĻোāϞিāϤ āĻšā§, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāĻ āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦা āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻŦāϞে।āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āϧীāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻāĻĨাāĻি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āĻšā§।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻāĻāĻি āϏ্āĻĒ্āϰীং āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤে āĻāĻāĻাāύো āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি।
(ii) āĻĻোāϞāĻ āĻā§িāϰ āĻĻোāϞāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āϏুāϰāĻļāϞাāĻাāϰ āĻŦাāĻšুāϰ āĻāϤি।
⟹ āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻোāϞāĻāϤি (Simple Harmonic Motion):
āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻāĻŖা āϝāĻĻি āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻ āύ্āϤāϰ āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ, āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāϰ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āϝাāĻā§া āĻāϏা āĻāϰে, āϤāĻāύ āϤাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĻোāϞāĻāϤি āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§।
āĻāĻ āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĻোāϞāĻāϤিāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻ্āϰিā§াāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϞ, āĻāĻŖাāĻিāϰ āĻāϤিāĻĒāĻĨেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻŦিāύ্āĻĻু āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻী āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻু āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻŖাāĻিāϰ āϏāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা āϏāĻŽাāύুāĻĒাāϤিāĻ āĻšā§।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻোāϞāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
Class: I (Concept of Rest, Motion, Types of Motion):
Class: II (Concept of Distance And Displacement):
Now observe the following bodies or objects and you will be able to understand the meaning of the term "Motion". Cars, cycles, motor-cycles, scooters, buses, rickshaws, truck etc. running on the road. Birds flying in the sky, Fish swimming in water. All these objects are in motion. Very small objects like atoms and molecules (building blocks of substances) and very large objects like planets, stars and galaxies (Building block of universe) are in motion.
Thus, all objects ranging from a smallest atom to the largest galaxies are in continuous motion.
Rest and Motion:
As we know, in this universe nothing is fixed at a single place. The Galaxies are moving away from each other and universe is spreading. Therefore, everything is changing its position with respect to the time. Rest and Motion is the branch of Physics that deals with the position with the position of a body. We will study the two different physical quantities "Motion and Rest" to describe the position of a body.
In our day to day life, we often come across the terms rest and motion. In actual, in this universe nothing is in the rest. Earth moves around the Sun. Sun also moves around the center of the Galaxy. Galaxies are moving away each other and so on. The objects, which we see as in rest, actual are in motion. As the Earth is moving around the Sun, objects on the Earth are also moving along.
However, we use the terms rest and motion in Physics and in our day to day life.
The rest and motion are actually two different physical quantities, which are used to describe the position of an object with respect to time and a reference point. If the object's position has changed with respect to the reference point, the object is said to be in the motion and if the object's position has not changed with respect to the reference point, the object is said to be in the rest.
Therefore, a reference point is essential to describe whether the object is in motion or in the rest and different reference point may give different result.
Why a reference point is to describe a body is in Rest or in Motion?
Let us describe the position of a person who is travelling from Khargapur to Kolkata by train. If we take Khargapur station as a reference point, then he/she is in the motion, as in the beginning he was on the station and now he/she is away of the station. And if we take windows of the train as a reference point, then the person is still at the same distance from the windows as on Khargapur station. So, the person is in the rest. Therefore, whether an object is in rest or in motion depends on the reference point that the observer choose to describe object's position.
Let us take one more example:
Suppose an object is at the distance of \(5m\) in the east direction from a pole fixed on the ground. The object is said to be in motion:
➤ If the object's distance from the pole increases or decreases.
➤ The distance remains fixed and direction of the object changes.
The object is in the rest
➤ If neither distance nor direction of the object from the pole changes.
Describing Motion:
To describe the motion of an object, its position, velocity etc. are measured. When we measure the position of an object, then it is measured from some fixed point known as the reference point. For example, let us say that our school is \(2km\) away in the south direction from our home. It means, we measure the position of our school in the south direction from our home. So in this case, our home is the reference point. Similarly, suppose a person says that a bus is moving. It means, the bus is changing its position with respect to the person. So in that case, the person is the reference point.
Position of a Particle:
To describe the state (Rest or Motion) of a object, at first locate the object in a platform (reference frame or reference point).
Suppose, any object is situated at point \(O\) and three observers from three different places are looking for same object, then all three observers will have different observations about the position of point \(O\) and no one will be wrong. Because, they are observing the object from their different position.
➤ Observer '\(A\)' says: Point \(O\) is \(3m\) away in west direction.
➤ Observer '\(B\)' says: Point \(O\) is \(4m\) away in south direction.
➤ Observer '\(C\)' says: Point \(O\) is \(5m\) away in east direction.
Therefore, position of any point is completely expressed by two factors:
➤ Its distance from the observer.
➤ Its direction with respect to observer.
That is why position is characterised by a physical quantity known as position of a particle. Generally, it represented by a vector quantity to completely expressed the position of a particle with respect to a reference frame.
Reference Frame:
It is a system to which a set of co-ordinates are attached and with reference to which observer describes any event. Simply, it is a platform on which we can analyse and observe a body whether it is in a rest or motion. Here point to be noted that, reference frame may be rest or in uniform motion or in accelerated. With respect to any type of reference frame, we can see a particle is in rest, or in uniform motion or in accelerated.
➤ If a body does not change its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be at "Rest".
➤ If a body changes its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be in "Motion".
A passenger standing on platform observes that tree on a platform is at rest.
But when the same passenger is passing away in a train through station, observes that tree is in motion backwards.
In both conditions observer is right. But, observations are different because in first situation observer stands on a platform, which is reference frame at rest and in second situation observer moving in train, which is reference frame in motion.
So, rest and motion are relative terms. It depends upon the frame of references.
Motion is a relative term:
When we say that a body or an object is in motion, then it is essential to see whether the body or object changes its position with respect to other bodies or objects around it or with respect to any fixed point known as reference point. For example, when a bus moves on a road, then the bus as well as the passengers sitting in it changes their positions with respect to a person standing on the road side. So, the bus and the passengers sitting in it are in motion with respect to the person standing on the road side. However, the passengers sitting in the bus do not change their positions with respect to each other. It means, the passengers sitting in a moving bus are not in motion with respect to each other. Here we find that an object is in motion only if it changes its position (or moves) with respect to a fixed point or a fixed body. Therefore, a body or an object is in motion with respect to one thing but the same body or an object may not be in motion with respect to another thing. Thus, motion is a relative term.
Particle or Point Mass:
The smallest part of matter with zero dimension which can be described by its mass and position is defined as a particle. If the size of a body is negligible in comparison to its range of motion then that body is known as a particle .
A body (Group of particles) to be known as a particle depends upon types of motion. For example in a planetary motion around the sun the different planets can be presumed to be the particles.
In above consideration when we treat body as particle, all parts of the body undergo same displacement and have same velocity and acceleration.
Classification of Motion:
There are basic four type of motion. Let us study them in details:
➤ Translational Motion.
There are two type also:
⟹ Rectilinear Translational Motion.
⟹ Curvilinear Translational Motion
➤ Circular Motion.
➤ Rotatory Motion.
➤ Periodic Motion.
Without four basic type of motion, there are some type of mixed type of motion also seen of some objects.
➤ Rectilinear Motion:
When a body travels on a straight path, the body is said to be in rectilinear translational motion. And if the body travels on a curved path, the body is said to be in curvilinear translation motion.
Example of linear motion:
➽ Motion of a moving car on a straight road.
➽ Motion of a ball dropped from the roof of a building.
➤ Circular Motion:
When a body travels in a circular path, the body is said to be in circular motion.
Example of Circular Motion:
➽ Motion of a merry-go-round.
➽ Motion of Earth revolving around the Sun.
➤ Rotatory Motion:
When a body moves around a fixed axis, it is said to be in rotatory motion.
Example of Rotatory Motion:
➽ Motion of an electric fan.
➽ Motion of a spinning top.
➤ Periodic Motion:
When a body repeats its motion, after a regular intervals of time, it is said to be in periodic motion.
Example of Periodic Motion:
➽ Motion of a pendulum of a wall clock.
➽ Motion of a child swinging in a swing.
➽ Motion of a simple pendulum.
Basic Classification of Motion (According on the basis of covered distance.)
➤ Uniform Motion (Uniform⟺Alike):
If a body covers equal distances in equal interval of time, the body is said to be in the uniform motion. Here interval of time means time duration or time difference.
In the above picture, speed of the car is constant at different interval of time. Therefore, it covers equal distances in equal interval of time. Thus the above shown car is in uniform motion.
➤ Graphical Representation of the Uniform Motion:
| Time in minutes | Distance in meter |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 20 |
| 10 | 40 |
| 15 | 60 |
| 20 | 80 |
| 25 | 100 |
The above graph shows that the body covers the distance \(20m\) in every \(5\min \). It means, the body covers equal distance in equal interval of time, therefore, the body is in uniform motion.
From this above graph we see that if motion of a body, on a distance-time graph, represents a straight line, it means the body is in uniform motion.
➤ Non Uniform Motion:
There are two conditions for a motion to be non uniform:
⏩ When a body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time.
⏩ When a body covers equal distances in unequal interval of time.
➤ Graphical Representation of the Non uniform Motion:
| Time in minutes | Distance in meter |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 20 |
| 10 | 45 |
| 15 | 60 |
| 20 | 80 |
The above graph shows, the body covers \(20m\) in first \(5\min \), \(25m\) in next \(5\min \), \(15m\) in next \(5\min\) and \(20m\) in the last \(5\min \). It means the body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time. Thus the body is in non uniform motion.
Here we see that if motion of a body, on a distance-time graph, represents a curved line, it means the body has non uniform motion.
Bengali Version For WBBSE Board Exam:
āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āύাāĻŽ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āϝা āĻāϞāĻে। āĻāϞাāĻ āĻāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāĻাāĻŦ। āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒিঁāĻĒā§েāϰ āĻāϞা āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻাāĻļেāϰ āĻ্āϰāĻš-āύāĻ্āώāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĻৌā§ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻĻৌā§, āĻāĻāϤেāϰ āϏāĻāϞ āĻĻৌā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āĻĒাāϞ্āϞা āĻĻেāĻā§াāϰ āĻ্āώāĻŽāϤা āϰাāĻে, āϤাāĻ āϤাāϰা āĻেāύে āĻĢেāϞেāĻে āĻāĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞ āύā§। āĻāĻŽāύāĻি āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻা āĻ āĻŖু, āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāĻুāϞিāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āύā§। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻšāϞ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻোāύ্āĻুāϞি?āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļে āϝেāϏāĻŦ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻĻেāĻি āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে, āĻāϤāĻāĻুāϞি āϏāĻāϞ āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻāϤāĻāĻুāϞি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻĒাāĻšাā§-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ, āĻŦাঁāĻুā§া āĻেāϞাāϰ āĻļুāĻļুāύিā§া āĻĒাāĻšাā§ āĻŦা āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ি, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা āĻāĻāύ āϝেāĻাāύে āĻāĻে, āĻāĻāĻāύ্āĻা āĻĒāϰেāĻ āϏেāĻাāύে āĻĻেāĻা āϝাāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰা āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύে āĻĨাāĻāĻŦে। āĻāĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻুāϞিāĻে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻŦāϞি āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু।
āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āϰেāϞāĻাā§ী āĻŦা āĻŽোāĻāϰāĻাā§ী āĻāϰা āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰāĻে, āĻāĻাāĻļে āĻĒাāĻিāϰ āĻā§া, āĻĻৌā§াāύো, āĻāϞেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŽাāĻেāϰ āϏাঁāϤাāϰ āĻাāĻা āĻāĻুāϞি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ। āĻাāϰāĻŖ, āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšāĻ্āĻে। āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻāĻুāϞি āĻāĻāύ āϝে āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύে āĻāĻে, āĻিāĻুāĻ্āώāĻŖ āĻĒāϰে āĻĻেāĻা āϝাāĻŦে āϤাāϰা āĻāϰ āϏেāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύে āύেāĻ, āĻ āύ্āϝāϤ্āϰ āĻāϞে āĻেāĻে। āϤাāĻ āĻāϰা āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু। āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻে āĻāϞোāĻāύা āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāĻে, āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻে āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻāϰে āύিāϤে āĻšā§। āĻāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻি āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰāϞে, āĻŦāϞা āĻšāĻŦে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻি āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāĻŦং āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āύা āĻāϰāϞে, āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে āĻāĻŖ্āϝ āĻāϰা āĻšā§।āϤাāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻাāύে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒ্āϰেāĻ্āώিāϤে āĻĻুāĻ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻĻেāĻāϤে āĻĒাāĻ্āĻি।
(1) āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Rest):
āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āύা āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻাāĻŦে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞি।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা, āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻĒাāĻšাā§-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।
(2) āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Motion):
āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻাāĻŦে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞি।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āϰেāϞāĻাā§ী, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāĻāϰāĻাā§ী, āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻĨাāĻা āĻāϞেāĻāĻ্āϰāύ āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।
āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻāĻু āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻāĻĨাā§ āĻāϏা āϝাāĻ:
āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϤে āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻুāϞিāĻে āĻĻেāĻি, āϝāĻĻি āĻāĻ āϏৌāϰāĻāĻāϤেāϰ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāĻāϰে āϝাāĻā§া āϏāĻŽ্āĻāĻŦ āĻšāϤো, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĻেāĻāϤাāĻŽ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ েāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰে āĻĨাāĻা āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ (āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা, āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻĒাāĻšাā§-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ) āϏāĻŦāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻুāĻে। āĻাāϰāĻŖ, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāĻেāĻ āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻুāϰāĻে। āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻļুāϧু āĻāĻŽāύি āĻāĻŽāύি āĻোāϰা āύā§, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āϞাāĻ্āĻুāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĒাāĻ āĻেāϤে āĻেāϤে āĻুāϰāĻে। āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻূāĻোāϞে āĻেāύেāĻি āϝে, āĻāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āύিāĻেāϰ āĻ āĻ্āώāĻে āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻāϰে āϞাāĻ্āĻুāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĒাāĻ āĻাāĻā§াāĻা āĻšāϞ āĻāĻš্āύিāĻ āĻāϤি āĻāĻŦং āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻুāϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻাāĻা āĻšāϞ āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি। āϏেāĻা āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻĒāϰে āĻূāĻোāϞ āĻŦিāώā§ে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰিāϤāĻাāĻŦে āĻāϰāĻ āĻাāύāĻŦো। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤāĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϤে āϝাāĻে āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻি, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāĻāϰে āĻĨেāĻে āĻĻেāĻāϞে āĻি āĻĻেāĻāϤাāĻŽ? āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ āĻāϰ āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻāĻŽāϰাāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻুāϰāĻি। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤāĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻু āύেāĻ। āϏāĻŦāĻিāĻুāĻ āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে। āϤাāĻšāϞে āϤāĻŦুāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻাāύে āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী āĻŦা āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞাāĻুāϞিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻি āĻŦা āύিāĻেāĻĻেāϰāĻেāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻাāĻŦি āĻেāύ? āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦাā§ীāϰ āϏাāĻŽāύেāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻাāĻāĻি āĻŦাā§ীāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻা āĻĨেāĻে āĻ িāĻ āϝāϤāĻা āĻāĻে, āϏেāĻা āĻĻুāĻāĻĻিāύ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦা āĻĻুāĻ āĻŦāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰেāĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĻূāϰāϤ্āĻŦে āĻĻেāĻāĻŦ। āϤাāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻাāĻāĻি āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻি। āĻāĻাāύে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦাā§ীāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻāĻŽāĻাāĻāĻিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻি। āĻāĻাāύে āĻŦাā§ীāĻিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻেāĻŦে āĻāĻাāύে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāĻ্āĻে āĻāĻŽāĻাāĻāĻি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤāĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāύা āĻāϰি āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻেāĻŦে। āĻāĻাāύে āĻāĻ āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāĻে āĻŦিāĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āĻাāώাā§ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Reference Body)। āϤাāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ āĻোāύāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻāϰি।
āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻā§েāĻāĻি āĻŽāĻাāϰ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖে āĻāϏা āϝাāĻ:
(1) āĻāĻāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύ āĻā§্āĻāĻĒুāϰ āϏ্āĻেāĻļāύ āĻেā§ে āĻšাāĻā§াāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻুāĻāĻে। āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ ে āϝে āϞোāĻāĻি āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻāĻে āϏে āĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻে?
āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ ে āϝে āϞোāĻāĻি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻাāĻŦে āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻāĻে, āϏে āĻĻেāĻāĻে āĻ্āϰেāύāĻি āĻšাāĻā§াāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ।
(2) āĻāĻ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻাāύাāϞাāϰ āϧাāϰে āϝে āϞোāĻāĻি āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻে āϏে āĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻে?
āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰী āĻĻেāĻāĻে āϝে, āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āϞোāĻāĻিāĻ āĻĒিāĻāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻেāϰ āĻুāĻāĻে।
(3) āĻāĻŦাāϰ āϧāϰো āĻĻুāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύ āĻĻুāĻি āĻāϞাāĻĻা āĻāϞাāĻĻা āϞাāĻāύে āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦেāĻে āĻšাāĻā§াāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āϝাāĻ্āĻে। āĻāĻ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻাāύাāϞাāϰ āϧাāϰে āϝে āĻĻুāĻি āϞোāĻ āĻŦāϏে āĻāϏে āϤাāϰা āύিāĻেāĻĻেāϰāĻে āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰ āĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻে?
āϤাāϰা āĻĻুāĻāĻāύ, āĻĻুāĻāĻāύāĻেāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻāϞ্āĻĒ āĻāϰāϤে āĻāϰāϤেāĻ āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšā§। āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āϤাāϰা āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে āϝāĻĻিāĻ āĻ্āϰেāύāĻĻুāĻি āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻŦেāĻে āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ।
(4) āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻিāϤে āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻĨাāĻা āĻোāύāĻ āϞোāĻ, āϏে āĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻে?
āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻাāĻŦে āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻĨাāĻা āϞোāĻāĻি āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে, āĻĻুāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύāĻ āĻুāĻāĻে āĻāĻŦং āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻা āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āϞোāĻāĻ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨেāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ।
(5) āĻāĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰী āϝāĻĻি āĻŦাāĻāϰে āύা āϤাāĻাā§ āϤাāϰ āĻাāĻে āĻি āĻŽāύে āĻšāĻŦে?
āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύāĻিāϰ āĻিāϤāϰে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰী āϝāĻĻি āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āύা āϤাāĻাā§ āϤাāĻšāϞে āϏে āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻিāϤāϰāĻাāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻিāĻু āĻŦāϏ্āϤু, āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ, āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে।
āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻোāĻে āϝা āĻĻেāĻে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāύা āĻāϰি āϏেāĻা āĻāϏāϞ āύā§। āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻাāĻāĻে āĻŦāϞি āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻোāύāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ
āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āύা āĻšāϞেāĻ āϤাāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻেāĻŦে āύিā§ে āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻāϰি। āϤাāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ্āϰেāύে, āĻŦাāϏে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻāϞেāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āύিāĻেāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻেāĻŦে āύিā§ে āĻĻেāĻি āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻুāϞি, āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা āϏāĻŦāĻিāĻু āϤাāϰা āĻĒিāĻāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻুāĻāĻে।
āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ, āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦে āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻাāĻŦে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻুāĻ āύেāĻ। āϏেāĻāĻāύ্āϝে āĻŦāϞাāϝাā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (State of absolute rest) āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻু āύেāĻ। āϝেāĻšেāϤু, āĻĒāϰāĻŽ-āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āĻāϤিāϰ āϤুāϞāύা āĻāϰেāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ-āĻāϤি āĻাāύāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϏেāĻāĻāύ্āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ-āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞেāĻ āĻিāĻু āύেāĻ। āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤি āĻĒুāϰোāĻাāĻ āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ। āϤাāĻ āĻāϏāϞে āϝা āĻāĻে āϤা āĻšāϞ āĻĒুāϰোāĻাāĻ āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি (Relative Motion)। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻুāϰāĻে, āϤাāϰ āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ ে āĻĨাāĻা āϏāĻŦāĻিāĻুāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ। āϤāĻŦুāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻāϰāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ (Reference Body) āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻāĻŦং āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻেāĻŦে āύিā§ে। āĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ্āĻে āĻā§েāĻāĻি āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤিāϰ (Relative Motion) āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻā§া āϝাāĻ।
(1) āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĻিāĻে āϧাāĻŦāĻŽাāύ āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা āĻ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ীāϰ āĻāϤি।
(2) āĻĒāĻļ্āĻিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻš্āύিāĻ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŽāϰা āύিāĻেāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻেāĻŦে āϏূāϰ্āϝāĻে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒāĻļ্āĻিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻে āϝেāϤে āĻĻেāĻি।
(3) āĻĻুāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĻিāĻে āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦেāĻে āĻেāϞে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰ āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāĻে āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে।
āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (Rest) āĻ āĻāϤি (Motion) āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻাāĻ āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ (Relative):
āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒাāϰিāĻĒাāϰ্āĻļ্āĻŦিāĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰāϞে, āϤাāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে, āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻĒাāϰিāĻĒাāϰ্āĻļ্āĻŦিāĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āύা āĻāϰāϞে, āϤাāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§।
āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤāĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻāĻāĻি āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ āĻŦিāώā§। āĻāĻি āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώেāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(1) āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĨাāĻāϞে, āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞাāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āĻĻেāĻে।
(2) āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώāĻ āĻোāύāĻ āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āĻ্āϰেāύে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āĻĨাāĻāϞে, āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āĻāĻ āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞাāĻে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤāĻĻিāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āĻĻেāĻে।
(3) āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦেāĻে, āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻোāύো āĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϞে āĻŽāύে āĻāϰে।
(4) āĻŽাāĻ েāϰ āϧাāϰে āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻĨাāĻা āĻোāύো āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻāϰ্āĻļāĻেāϰ āĻাāĻে āĻāĻ āĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āĻ্āϰেāύāĻি āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āϤাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰীāĻĻেāϰāĻেāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĻেāĻে।
(5) āĻোāύো āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŦা āĻŦাāϏেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻা āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻĒāϰāϏ্āĻĒāϰ, āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻে।
āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āϤা āύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻāϰāĻে, āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώāĻেāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ।
āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻāϰি। āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāĻেāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ। āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāĻেāĻ, āύিāĻ āĻ āĻ্āώāĻে āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻāϰে āĻāϰāϤে āĻুāϰāϤে (āĻāĻš্āύিāĻ āĻāϤি) āϏূāϰ্āϝāĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ (āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি) āĻāϰāĻে। āĻāĻŦাāϰ āϏূāϰ্āϝ, āύāĻ্āώāϤ্āϰ, āύāĻ্āώāϤ্āϰāĻĒুāĻ্āĻ āĻোāύোāĻিāĻুāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাā§ āύেāĻ। āϏāĻŦāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ।
āϤাāĻ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āĻāϰāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (Absolute Rest) āĻŦা āĻāϰāĻŽ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ (Absolute Motion) āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻুāĻ āύেāĻ। āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻļুāϧু āĻোāύো āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻāϰি। āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻোāύো āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি (Relative Motion) āύিāϰ্āĻŖā§ āĻāϰি।
āϤাāĻ āĻŦāϞা āϝাā§, āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āĻāϰāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϰāĻŽ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে āĻিāĻুāĻ āύেāĻ। āĻĒুāϰোāĻাāĻ āĻāĻĒেāĻ্āώিāĻ।
āϤাāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻেāϞে āĻāĻāĻি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Reference Frame) āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ āĻāϰে āϤাāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āĻāĻāĻি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Co-ordinate System) āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰāϤে āĻšā§।
āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Reference Frame):
āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻেāϞে, āϝে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰা āĻšā§, āϤাāĻে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Reference Body) āĻŦāϞে।
āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Reference Body) āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻāĻি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻে āĻŦেāĻে āύি, āϝাāϤে āĻāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻিāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤিāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āϏāĻšāĻে āύিāϰ্āĻŖā§ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰি। āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(1) āϏāĻŽāĻŦেāĻে āĻāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে, āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻা āĻোāύো āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāϞে, āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻেāĻ āϝুāĻ্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ।
(2) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻেāϞে, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨেāĻ āϝুāĻ্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ।
(3) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāϞে, āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϝুāĻ্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ।
āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ (Choice of Co-ordinate System):
āϝে āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϏংāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϏাāĻŽ্āϝ (Symmetry) āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻāϰে āĻāĻāĻি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāĻāύāĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āϤāĻŦে āĻŦেāĻļিāϰāĻাāĻ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰেāĻ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻাāϰ্āϤেāĻীā§ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Cartesian Co-ordinate System) āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ āĻāϰে āĻĨাāĻি। āĻāĻাāύে āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻি āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āĻ āύ্āϤিāĻŽ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āĻ āϤাāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāώ⧠āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āĻāĻাāύে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻāĻŽāϰা āϝে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ āĻāϰি āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ্āĻāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰāĻিāϰ āĻāϤি āϏংāĻ্āϰাāύ্āϤ āϰাāĻļিāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻāϰি।
āϤাāĻ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϞা āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (Rest) āĻ āĻāϤিāϰ (Motion) āϏংāĻ্āĻাāĻিāĻে āĻāĻāĻু āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻāϰে āύিāĻ।
āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Rest):
āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āϤাāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϤুāϞāύাā§ āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšā§ āύা, āϏেāĻ āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে। āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা (State of Rest)।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ী, āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা, āĻĒাāĻšাā§-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ, āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦেāĻে āĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĻুāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻাāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰাāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ āĻāϰা āϝাā§।
āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Motion):
āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āϤাāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϤুāϞāύাā§ āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšā§, āϏেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে। āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা (State of Motion)।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ্āϰেāύ, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāĻāϰāĻাā§ী, āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāĻāϰ āĻাā§ীāĻে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻাāĻŦāϞে, āĻŦাāĻāϰেāϰ āĻাāĻāĻĒাāϞা , āĻāϰāĻŦাā§ীāϰ āĻĒিāĻāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।
āĻāĻŖাāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻŦা āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāĻāϰেāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖা (Concept of Particle or Point Mass):
āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϤি āύিā§ে āĻāϞোāĻāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻিā§ে, āĻāϞোāĻāύাāϰ āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻ āύেāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻে āĻāĻŖা (Particle) āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻāϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻāϰে āύি। āϝেāĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰāĻ āĻিāĻুāĻা āĻāϰ āĻ āĻā§āϤāύ āĻāĻে। āϝāĻĻি āĻāϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻāϰা āĻšā§ āϝে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦিāύ্āϤুāϤে āĻāύীāĻূāϤ āĻāĻে āϤāĻāύ āϤাāĻে āĻāĻŖা āĻŦāϞে। āĻ āϰ্āĻĨাā§ āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻāϰ āĻāĻে āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻā§āϤāύ āύেāĻ।
āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦ āĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤ্āĻŦ āύেāĻ।
āĻāϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰāĻেāĻĻ (Kinds of Motion):
āĻāϤি āύাāύা āϰāĻāĻŽেāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻĒ্āϰাā§ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻ āĻোāύো āϏāϰāϞ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻĻুāĻি āϏāϰāϞ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦā§ে āĻāĻ িāϤ āĻšā§।
➤ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Transnational Motion):
āĻāĻি āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻĻুāĻ āϰāĻāĻŽেāϰ āĻšā§:
⟹ āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Rectilinear Translational Motion):
⟹ āĻŦāĻ্āϰāĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Curvilinear Translational Motion):
➤ āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤ āĻāϤি (Circular Motion):
➤ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤি (Rotational Motion):
➤ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাā§āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻāϤি (Periodic Motion):
āĻāĻি āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻĻুāĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।
⟹ āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦা āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ (Oscillation):
⟹ āϰৈāĻিāĻ āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻোāϞāĻāϤি (Simple Harmonic Motion):
➤ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰ āĻāϤি (Mixed Motion):
➤ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Translational Motion):
āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšāϞে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻāĻি āĻāĻŖা āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰ āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻাā§ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻĻূāϰāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ āϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰāϞে, āϏেāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
⟹ āϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Rectilinear Translational Motion):
āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύো āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšā§, āϤাāĻšāϞে āϤাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ āϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϰুāϞাāϰেāϰ āϧাāϰ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻĒেāύāϏিāϞ āĻĻিā§ে āϏোāĻা āĻĻাāĻ āĻাāĻাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒেāύāϏিāϞেāϰ āĻļিāϏেāϰ āĻ āĻ্āϰāĻাāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(ii) āϏোāĻা āϰাāϏ্āϤা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻাā§ীāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āϏোāĻা āϰেāϞāϞাāĻāύ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iv) āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϞāĻে āĻিāĻুāĻা āĻঁāĻু āĻĨেāĻে āĻĢেāϞে āĻĻিāϞে āϏেāĻি āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āύীāĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒā§āϤে āĻĨাāĻে।
(v) āĻ āĻিāĻāϰ্āώেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦে āύীāĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāϤāύāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা āĻāϞ্āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāĻাāĻŦে āĻāĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĻিāĻে āύিāĻ্āώেāĻĒ āĻāϰা āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāϤি।
(vi) āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻā§āύ্āϤ āĻĒাāĻিāϰ āĻāϤি।
(vii) āĻ্āϝাāϰাāĻŽ āĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄেāϰ āϏ্āĻ্āϰাāĻāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(viii) āĻাāĻĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āĻĸিāϞāĻে āĻেā§ে āĻĻিāϞে āϏেāĻি āϏোāĻাāϏুāĻি āύীāĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒā§āϤে āĻĨাāĻে।
(ix) āĻাāĻĻেāϰ āĻাāϰ্āύিāĻļ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻ āĻুāĻāϰো āĻঁāĻ āύীāĻে āĻĒā§ে āϝাāĻ্āĻে।
(x) āĻāϰ্āĻĻ্āϧāĻাāĻŽী āĻŽাāϞāĻŦাāĻšী āĻŦেāϞুāύ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦাāϞিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤা āĻĢেāϞে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāϞ।
(xi) āĻাāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āύীāĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒাāĻা āĻĢāϞেāϰ āĻāϤি।
⟹ āĻŦāĻ্āϰāĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি (Curvilinear Translational Motion):
āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϝāĻĻি āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĒāĻĨে āύা āĻিā§ে āĻোāύো āĻŦāĻ্āϰāĻĒāϤ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āϤাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻŦāĻ্āϰāĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻাāĻĻ āĻĨেāĻে āϏাāĻŽāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে (āĻ āύুāĻূāĻŽিāĻāĻাāĻŦে) āĻুঁā§ে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(ii) āĻŦাā§ুāϤে āĻ āύুāĻূāĻŽিāĻāĻাāĻŦে āύিāĻ্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āĻŦাā§ুāϤে āĻŦāϰ্āĻļা āĻোঁā§া।
(iv) āĻŦাāϏ্āĻেāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āĻোঁā§া āĻŦাāϏ্āĻেāĻāĻŦāϞেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(v) āĻঁāĻাāĻŦাঁāĻা āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰে āĻāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻোāύো āĻĒিঁāĻĒā§েāϰ āĻāϤি।
➤ āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤ āĻāϤি (Circular Motion):
āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻāĻŖা āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāĻে āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻāϰে āϤাāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻুāϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻāϞে, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŖাāĻিāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ (āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি)।
(ii) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ।
(iii) āĻā§িāϰ āĻাঁāĻাāϰ āĻ āĻ্āϰāĻাāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iv) āĻŽেāϞাā§ āύাāĻāϰāĻĻোāϞা āĻোāϰাāϰ āĻāϤি।
(v) āĻā§িāϰ āĻĒেāύ্āĻĄুāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(vi) āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϰ āύিāĻāĻ্āϞিā§াāϏেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻāϞেāĻāĻ্āϰāύ āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻāϤি।
(vii) āϏূāϤোā§ āĻŦাঁāϧা āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻুāĻāϰোāĻে āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻোāϰাāύো āĻšā§।
➤ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤি (Rotational Motion):
āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύো āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻ āĻ্āώেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ্āώে āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰে, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে। āĻāĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϤে āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ āĻ্āώāĻি āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĨাāĻে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āϤাāϰ āύিāĻ āĻ āĻ্āώেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāĻļ্āĻিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻে āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰāĻে (āĻāĻš্āύিāĻ āĻāϤি)।
(ii) āĻāĻ āĻাā§āĻাā§ āĻĻাঁā§িā§ে āĻĒাāĻ āĻেāϤে āĻĨাāĻা āϞাāĻ্āĻুāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āĻŦৈāĻĻ্āϝুāϤিāĻ āĻĒাāĻাāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āĻুāĻŽোāϰেāϰ āĻাāĻাāϰ āĻāϤি।
➤ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻিāϞ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ:
āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ্āύ āĻšā§, āϤাāĻšāϞে āϏেāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰ āĻāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻিāϞ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻোāύো āĻাā§ীāϰ āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āĻাāĻাāϰ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
(ii) āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻāϞāύ্āϤ āϏাāĻāĻেāϞেāϰ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
(iii) āϏ্āĻ্āϰু-āĻĄ্āϰাāĻāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
(iv) āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻ্āϝাāϏ āĻ āĻŖুāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ, āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāύ]
(v) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ āĻāϤি:[āĻāĻি āĻāϞāύ āĻāϤি, āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤীā§ āĻāϤি āĻ āĻূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻāϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
➤ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাā§āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻāϤি (Periodic Motion):
āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻāĻŖা āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻ āύ্āϤāϰ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻ āϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰে āĻŦা āĻāϤিāϰ āĻĒুāύāϰাāĻŦৃāϤ্āϤি āĻāϰে, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāĻ āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻĒāϰ্āϝাā§āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻāϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻাāϰিāĻĻিāĻে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϤি।
(ii) āĻā§িāϰ āĻাঁāĻাāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āĻĻেāĻā§াāϞ āĻā§িāϰ āĻĻোāϞāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iv) āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻšৃā§āĻĒিāύ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻāϤি।
⟹ āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦা āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ (Oscillation or Vibration):
āĻĒāϰ্āϝাā§āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻāϤি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ্āύ āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻāĻŖা āϝāĻĻি āĻāϤিāĻĒāĻĨেāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāĻে āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻāϰে āĻāĻĻিāĻ-āĻāĻĻিāĻ (To and Fro) āĻāύ্āĻĻোāϞিāϤ āĻšā§, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāĻ āĻāĻŖাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦা āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻŦāϞে।āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āϧীāϰ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻāϤিāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻāĻĨাāĻি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āĻšā§।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻāĻāĻি āϏ্āĻĒ্āϰীং āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤে āĻāĻāĻাāύো āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāϤি।
(ii) āĻĻোāϞāĻ āĻā§িāϰ āĻĻোāϞāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
(iii) āϏুāϰāĻļāϞাāĻাāϰ āĻŦাāĻšুāϰ āĻāϤি।
⟹ āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻোāϞāĻāϤি (Simple Harmonic Motion):
āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻোāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻāĻŖা āϝāĻĻি āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻ āύ্āϤāϰ āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ, āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāϰ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻে āϝাāĻā§া āĻāϏা āĻāϰে, āϤāĻāύ āϤাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻে āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĻোāϞāĻāϤি āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§।
āĻāĻ āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻিāĻ āĻĻোāϞāĻāϤিāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻ্āϰিā§াāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϞ, āĻāĻŖাāĻিāϰ āĻāϤিāĻĒāĻĨেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻŦিāύ্āĻĻু āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻ āĻিāĻŽুāĻী āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻু āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻŖাāĻিāϰ āϏāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা āϏāĻŽাāύুāĻĒাāϤিāĻ āĻšā§।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻোāϞāĻেāϰ āĻāϤি।
Class: I (Concept of Rest, Motion, Types of Motion):
Class: II (Concept of Distance And Displacement):













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