Foundation Series, Time And Motion, Class: VII, Part: 1

If we look around us, we find that there are number of objects which are in motion. An object is said to be in motion if it changes its ...

Rest And Motion, Types of Motion, Motion is a Relative Term.
If we look around us, we find that there are number of objects which are in motion. An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with the passes of time. In other words, the movement of an object is known as the motion of the object.
Now observe the following bodies or objects and you will be able to understand the meaning of the term "Motion". Cars, cycles, motor-cycles, scooters, buses, rickshaws, truck etc. running on the road. Birds flying in the sky, Fish swimming in water. All these objects are in motion. Very small objects like atoms and molecules (building blocks of substances) and very large objects like planets, stars and galaxies (Building block of universe) are in motion.
Thus, all objects ranging from a smallest atom to the largest galaxies are in continuous motion.

Rest and Motion:

Rest And Motion, Motion is Relative Term.

As we know, in this universe nothing is fixed at a single place. The Galaxies are moving away from each other and universe is spreading. Therefore, everything is changing its position with respect to the time. Rest and Motion is the branch of Physics that deals with the position with the position of a body. We will study the two different physical quantities "Motion and Rest" to describe the position of a body.

In our day to day life, we often come across the terms rest and motion. In actual, in this universe nothing is in the rest. Earth moves around the Sun. Sun also moves around the center of the Galaxy. Galaxies are moving away each other and so on. The objects, which we see as in rest, actual are in motion. As the Earth is moving around the Sun, objects on the Earth are also moving along.
However, we use the terms rest and motion in Physics and in our day to day life.

The rest and motion are actually two different physical quantities, which are used to describe the position of an object with respect to time and a reference point. If the object's position has changed with respect to the reference point, the object is said to be in the motion and if the object's position has not changed with respect to the reference point, the object is said to be in the rest.
Therefore, a reference point is essential to describe whether the object is in motion or in the rest and different reference point may give different result.

Why a reference point is to describe a body is in Rest or in Motion?
Let us describe the position of a person who is travelling from Khargapur to Kolkata by train. If we take Khargapur station as a reference point, then he/she is in the motion, as in the beginning he was on the station and now he/she is away of the station. And if we take windows of the train as a reference point, then the person is still at the same distance from the windows as on Khargapur station. So, the person is in the rest. Therefore, whether an object is in rest or in motion depends on the reference point that the observer choose to describe object's position.

Let us take one more example:
Suppose an object is at the distance of \(5m\) in the east direction from a pole fixed on the ground. The object is said to be in motion:

➤ If the object's distance from the pole increases or decreases.

➤ The distance remains fixed and direction of the object changes.

The object is in the rest

➤ If neither distance nor direction of the object from the pole changes.

Describing Motion:
To describe the motion of an object, its position, velocity etc. are measured. When we measure the position of an object, then it is measured from some fixed point known as the reference point. For example, let us say that our school is \(2km\) away in the south direction from our home. It means, we measure the position of our school in the south direction from our home. So in this case, our home is the reference point. Similarly, suppose a person says that a bus is moving. It means, the bus is changing its position with respect to the person. So in that case, the person is the reference point.

Position of a Particle:

Rest And Motion With Respect To Reference Frame

To describe the state (Rest or Motion) of a object, at first locate the object in a platform (reference frame or reference point).
Suppose, any object is situated at point \(O\) and three observers from three different places are looking for same object, then all three observers will have different observations about the position of point \(O\) and no one will be wrong. Because, they are observing the object from their different position.

➤ Observer '\(A\)' says: Point \(O\) is \(3m\) away in west direction.

➤ Observer '\(B\)' says: Point \(O\) is \(4m\) away in south direction.

➤ Observer '\(C\)' says: Point \(O\) is \(5m\) away in east direction.

Therefore, position of any point is completely expressed by two factors:

➤ Its distance from the observer.
➤ Its direction with respect to observer.

That is why position is characterised by a physical quantity known as position of a particle. Generally, it represented by a vector quantity to completely expressed the position of a particle with respect to a reference frame.

Reference Frame:
It is a system to which a set of co-ordinates are attached and with reference to which observer describes any event. Simply, it is a platform on which we can analyse and observe a body whether it is in a rest or motion. Here point to be noted that, reference frame may be rest or in uniform motion or in accelerated. With respect to any type of reference frame, we can see a particle is in rest, or in uniform motion or in accelerated.

➤ If a body does not change its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be at "Rest".

➤ If a body changes its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be in "Motion".

A passenger standing on platform observes that tree on a platform is at rest.

Rest Object With Respect To Reference Frame

But when the same passenger is passing away in a train through station, observes that tree is in motion backwards.

Rest Object With Respect To Reference Frame

In both conditions observer is right. But, observations are different because in first situation observer stands on a platform, which is reference frame at rest and in second situation observer moving in train, which is reference frame in motion.
So, rest and motion are relative terms. It depends upon the frame of references.

Motion is a relative term:
When we say that a body or an object is in motion, then it is essential to see whether the body or object changes its position with respect to other bodies or objects around it or with respect to any fixed point known as reference point. For example, when a bus moves on a road, then the bus as well as the passengers sitting in it changes their positions with respect to a person standing on the road side. So, the bus and the passengers sitting in it are in motion with respect to the person standing on the road side. However, the passengers sitting in the bus do not change their positions with respect to each other. It means, the passengers sitting in a moving bus are not in motion with respect to each other. Here we find that an object is in motion only if it changes its position (or moves) with respect to a fixed point or a fixed body. Therefore, a body or an object is in motion with respect to one thing but the same body or an object may not be in motion with respect to another thing. Thus, motion is a relative term.

Particle or Point Mass:
The smallest part of matter with zero dimension which can be described by its mass and position is defined as a particle. If the size of a body is negligible in comparison to its range of motion then that body is known as a particle .
A body (Group of particles) to be known as a particle depends upon types of motion. For example in a planetary motion around the sun the different planets can be presumed to be the particles.
In above consideration when we treat body as particle, all parts of the body undergo same displacement and have same velocity and acceleration.

Classification of Motion:

There are basic four type of motion. Let us study them in details:

➤ Translational Motion.
There are two type also:
⟹ Rectilinear Translational Motion.
⟹ Curvilinear Translational Motion

➤ Circular Motion.

➤ Rotatory Motion.

➤ Periodic Motion.
Without four basic type of motion, there are some type of mixed type of motion also seen of some objects.

➤ Rectilinear Motion:

Translational Motion

When a body travels on a straight path, the body is said to be in rectilinear translational motion. And if the body travels on a curved path, the body is said to be in curvilinear translation motion.

Example of linear motion:
➽ Motion of a moving car on a straight road.
➽ Motion of a ball dropped from the roof of a building.

➤ Circular Motion:

Circular Motion

When a body travels in a circular path, the body is said to be in circular motion.
Example of Circular Motion:
➽ Motion of a merry-go-round.
➽ Motion of Earth revolving around the Sun.

➤ Rotatory Motion:

Rotatory Motion

When a body moves around a fixed axis, it is said to be in rotatory motion.
Example of Rotatory Motion:
➽ Motion of an electric fan.
➽ Motion of a spinning top.

➤ Periodic Motion:

Periodic Motion

When a body repeats its motion, after a regular intervals of time, it is said to be in periodic motion.
Example of Periodic Motion:
➽ Motion of a pendulum of a wall clock.
➽ Motion of a child swinging in a swing.
➽ Motion of a simple pendulum.

Basic Classification of Motion (According on the basis of covered distance.)

➤ Uniform Motion (Uniform⟺Alike):
If a body covers equal distances in equal interval of time, the body is said to be in the uniform motion. Here interval of time means time duration or time difference.

Uniform Motion

In the above picture, speed of the car is constant at different interval of time. Therefore, it covers equal distances in equal interval of time. Thus the above shown car is in uniform motion.

➤ Graphical Representation of the Uniform Motion:

Time in minutes Distance in meter
0 0
5 20
10 40
15 60
20 80
25 100

Graphical Representation of Uniform Motion

The above graph shows that the body covers the distance \(20m\) in every \(5\min \). It means, the body covers equal distance in equal interval of time, therefore, the body is in uniform motion.

From this above graph we see that if motion of a body, on a distance-time graph, represents a straight line, it means the body is in uniform motion.

➤ Non Uniform Motion:

There are two conditions for a motion to be non uniform:
⏩ When a body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time.
⏩ When a body covers equal distances in unequal interval of time.

Non Uniform Motion

➤ Graphical Representation of the Non uniform Motion:

Time in minutes Distance in meter
0 0
5 20
10 45
15 60
20 80

Graphical Representation of Non Uniform Motion

The above graph shows, the body covers \(20m\) in first \(5\min \), \(25m\) in next \(5\min \), \(15m\) in next \(5\min\) and \(20m\) in the last \(5\min \). It means the body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time. Thus the body is in non uniform motion.
Here we see that if motion of a body, on a distance-time graph, represents a curved line, it means the body has non uniform motion.

Bengali Version For WBBSE Board Exam:

āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āφāϰ āĻāĻ• āύাāĻŽ āϜāĻ—ā§Ž āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āϝা āϚāϞāĻ›ে। āϚāϞাāχ āĻāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāĻ­াāĻŦ। āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒিঁāĻĒ⧜েāϰ āϚāϞা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāĻ•াāĻļেāϰ āĻ—্āϰāĻš-āύāĻ•্āώāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĻৌ⧜ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻĻৌ⧜, āĻ—āϜāϤেāϰ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻĻৌ⧜েāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻĒাāϞ্āϞা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āϰাāĻ–ে, āϤাāχ āϤাāϰা āϜেāύে āĻĢেāϞেāĻ›ে āĻāχ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāχ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞ āύ⧟। āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻ…āĻŖু, āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ“ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āύ⧟। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻšāϞ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻ•োāύ্‌āĻ—ুāϞি?āφāĻŽāϰা āϚাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļে āϝেāϏāĻŦ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻĻেāĻ–ি āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে, āĻ•āϤāĻ•āĻ—ুāϞি āϏāϚāϞ āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻ•āϤāĻ•āĻ—ুāϞি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻĒাāĻšা⧜-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ, āĻŦাঁāĻ•ু⧜া āϜেāϞাāϰ āĻļুāĻļুāύি⧟া āĻĒাāĻšা⧜ āĻŦা āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ি, āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞা āĻāĻ–āύ āϝেāĻ–াāύে āφāĻ›ে, āĻāĻ•āϘāύ্āϟা āĻĒāϰেāĻ“ āϏেāĻ–াāύে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰা āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে। āĻāχāϏāĻŦ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŦāϞি āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু।
āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āϰেāϞāĻ—া⧜ী āĻŦা āĻŽোāϟāϰāĻ—া⧜ী āĻāϰা āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে, āφāĻ•াāĻļে āĻĒাāĻ–িāϰ āĻ“ā§œা, āĻĻৌ⧜াāύো, āϜāϞেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŽাāĻ›েāϰ āϏাঁāϤাāϰ āĻ•াāϟা āĻāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ। āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ, āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻāĻ—ুāϞি āĻāĻ–āύ āϝে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύে āφāĻ›ে, āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻĒāϰে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāĻŦে āϤাāϰা āφāϰ āϏেāχ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύে āύেāχ, āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤ্āϰ āϚāϞে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āϤাāχ āĻāϰা āϏāϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু। āĻāχ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āφāĻ—ে, āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟিāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ•āϰে āύিāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ“āχ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟি āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāϞে, āĻŦāϞা āĻšāĻŦে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟি āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāĻŦং āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āύা āĻ•āϰāϞে, āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟিāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে āĻ—āĻŖ্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।āϤাāχ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒ্āϰেāĻ•্āώিāϤে āĻĻুāχ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻĻেāĻ–āϤে āĻĒাāϚ্āĻ›ি।

(1) āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Rest):
āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āύা āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āϏেāχ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞি।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞা, āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ী, āĻĒাāĻšা⧜-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।

(2) āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Motion):
āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āϏেāχ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āϏāϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞি।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āϰেāϞāĻ—া⧜ী, āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāϟāϰāĻ—া⧜ী, āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰে āĻĨাāĻ•া āχāϞেāĻ•āϟ্āϰāύ āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।

āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟু āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•āĻĨা⧟ āφāϏা āϝাāĻ•:
āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāχ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϤে āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āĻĻেāĻ–ি, āϝāĻĻি āĻāχ āϏৌāϰāϜāĻ—āϤেāϰ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāϤো, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĻেāĻ–āϤাāĻŽ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ েāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāχ (āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞা, āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ী, āĻĒাāĻšা⧜-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ) āϏāĻŦāχ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϘুāĻ›ে। āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāϜেāχ āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āϘুāϰāĻ›ে। āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻļুāϧু āĻāĻŽāύি āĻāĻŽāύি āϘোāϰা āύ⧟, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāϜে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϞাāϟ্āϟুāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĒাāĻ• āĻ–েāϤে āĻ–েāϤে āϘুāϰāĻ›ে। āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ­ূāĻ—োāϞে āϜেāύেāĻ›ি āϝে, āĻāχ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āύিāϜেāϰ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāĻ•ে āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻ•āϰে āϞাāϟ্āϟুāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĒাāĻ• āĻ–াāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϟা āĻšāϞ āφāĻš্āύিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি āĻāĻŦং āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āϘুāϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•াāϟা āĻšāϞ āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি। āϏেāϟা āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĒāϰে āĻ­ূāĻ—োāϞ āĻŦিāώ⧟ে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰিāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āφāϰāĻ“ āϜাāύāĻŦো। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤāĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻāχ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϤে āϝাāĻ•ে āφāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ি, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĻেāĻ–āϞে āĻ•ি āĻĻেāĻ–āϤাāĻŽ? āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāχ āφāϰ āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āφāĻŽāϰাāĻ“ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϘুāϰāĻ›ি। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤāĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে āĻ•িāĻ›ু āύেāχ। āϏāĻŦāĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āϏāϚāϞ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨে। āϤাāĻšāϞে āϤāĻŦুāĻ“ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻ–াāύে āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ী āĻŦা āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞাāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–ি āĻŦা āύিāϜেāĻĻেāϰāĻ•েāĻ“ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ­াāĻŦি āĻ•েāύ? āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦা⧜ীāϰ āϏাāĻŽāύেāϰ āφāĻŽāĻ—াāĻ›āϟি āĻŦা⧜ীāϰ āĻĻāϰāϜা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ িāĻ• āϝāϤāϟা āφāĻ›ে, āϏেāϟা āĻĻুāχāĻĻিāύ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦা āĻĻুāχ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻĒāϰেāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĻূāϰāϤ্āĻŦে āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦ। āϤাāχ āφāĻŽāĻ—াāĻ›āϟি āφāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ি। āĻāĻ–াāύে āφāĻŽāϰা āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦা⧜ীāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āφāĻŽāĻ—াāĻ›āϟিāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ি। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦা⧜ীāϟিāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻ­েāĻŦে āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āφāĻŽāĻ—াāĻ›āϟি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤāĻĒāĻ•্āώে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰি āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ­েāĻŦে। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻāχ āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟিāĻ•ে āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āĻ­াāώা⧟ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Reference Body)। āϤাāχ āφāĻŽāϰা āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻ•āϰি।

āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āĻŽāϜাāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖে āφāϏা āϝাāĻ•:
(1) āĻāĻ•āϟি āϟ্āϰেāύ āĻ–ā§œ্āĻ—āĻĒুāϰ āϏ্āϟেāĻļāύ āĻ›ে⧜ে āĻšাāĻ“ā§œাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ›ুāϟāĻ›ে। āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ ে āϝে āϞোāĻ•āϟি āĻĻাঁ⧜ি⧟ে āφāĻ›ে āϏে āĻ•ি āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ে?
āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ ে āϝে āϞোāĻ•āϟি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĻাঁ⧜ি⧟ে āφāĻ›ে, āϏে āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ে āϟ্āϰেāύāϟি āĻšাāĻ“ā§œাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ।

(2) āĻ“āχ āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰে āϜাāύাāϞাāϰ āϧাāϰে āϝে āϞোāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāϏে āφāĻ›ে āϏে āĻ•ি āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ে?
āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϝাāϤ্āϰী āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ে āϝে, āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ী, āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞা āφāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āϞোāĻ•āϟিāĻ“ āĻĒিāĻ›āύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•েāϰ āĻ›ুāϟāĻ›ে।

(3) āĻāĻŦাāϰ āϧāϰো āĻĻুāϟি āϟ্āϰেāύ āĻĻুāϟি āφāϞাāĻĻা āφāϞাāĻĻা āϞাāχāύে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦেāĻ—ে āĻšাāĻ“ā§œাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϝাāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻ“āχ āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϜাāύাāϞাāϰ āϧাāϰে āϝে āĻĻুāϟি āϞোāĻ• āĻŦāϏে āφāϏে āϤাāϰা āύিāϜেāĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰ āĻ•ি āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ে?
āϤাāϰা āĻĻুāχāϜāύ, āĻĻুāχāϜāύāĻ•েāχ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻ—āϞ্āĻĒ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ•āϰāϤেāĻ“ āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āϤাāϰা āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦে āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āϟ্āϰেāύāĻĻুāϟি āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻŦেāĻ—ে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āĻ­িāĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ।

(4) āĻāχ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāϟিāϤে āĻĻাঁ⧜ি⧟ে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āϞোāĻ•, āϏে āĻ•ি āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ে?
āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĻাঁ⧜ি⧟ে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϞোāĻ•āϟি āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦে, āĻĻুāϟি āϟ্āϰেāύāχ āĻ›ুāϟāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āϞোāĻ•āĻ“ āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨেāχ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ।

(5) āĻāĻ•āϟি āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϝাāϤ্āϰী āϝāĻĻি āĻŦাāχāϰে āύা āϤাāĻ•া⧟ āϤাāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻ•ি āĻŽāύে āĻšāĻŦে?
āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āϟ্āϰেāύāϟিāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϝাāϤ্āϰী āϝāĻĻি āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āύা āϤাāĻ•া⧟ āϤাāĻšāϞে āϏে āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰāĻ•াāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦāϏ্āϤু, āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ—, āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦে।

āϤাāĻšāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āϚোāĻ–ে āϝা āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰি āϏেāϟা āφāϏāϞ āύ⧟। āφāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ•াāωāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞি āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻāĻŦং āĻ“āχ
āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āύা āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āϤাāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ­েāĻŦে āύি⧟ে āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻ•āϰি। āϤাāχ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āϟ্āϰেāύে, āĻŦাāϏে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻ•āϞেāĻ“ āφāĻŽāϰা āύিāϜেāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāĻ­েāĻŦে āύি⧟ে āĻĻেāĻ–ি āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ—ুāϞি, āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ী, āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞা āϏāĻŦāĻ•িāĻ›ু āϤাāϰা āĻĒিāĻ›āύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ›ুāϟāĻ›ে।

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻ…āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦে āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻ­াāĻŦে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϞে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āύেāχ। āϏেāχāϜāύ্āϝে āĻŦāϞাāϝা⧟ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (State of absolute rest) āĻŦāϞে āĻ•িāĻ›ু āύেāχ। āϝেāĻšেāϤু, āĻĒāϰāĻŽ-āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ—āϤিāϰ āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰেāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ-āĻ—āϤি āϜাāύāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϏেāχāϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŽ-āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϞেāĻ“ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āύেāχ। āĻāχ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻ—āϤি āĻĒুāϰোāϟাāχ āφāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāĻ•। āϤাāχ āφāϏāϞে āϝা āφāĻ›ে āϤা āĻšāϞ āĻĒুāϰোāϟাāχ āφāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি (Relative Motion)। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āϘুāϰāĻ›ে, āϤাāϰ āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ ে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϏāĻŦāĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ। āϤāĻŦুāĻ“ āφāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ (Reference Body) āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻāĻŦং āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟিāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ­েāĻŦে āύি⧟ে। āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āφāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāĻ• āĻ—āϤিāϰ (Relative Motion) āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝাāĻ•।

(1) āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে, āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻ…āĻ­িāĻŽুāĻ–েāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϧাāĻŦāĻŽাāύ āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞা āĻ“ āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ীāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(2) āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āφāĻš্āύিāĻ• āĻ—āϤিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āφāĻŽāϰা āύিāϜেāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ­েāĻŦে āϏূāϰ্āϝāĻ•ে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϝেāϤে āĻĻেāĻ–ি।
(3) āĻĻুāϟি āϟ্āϰেāύ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦেāĻ—ে āĻ—েāϞে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰ āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāĻ•ে āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦে।

āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (Rest) āĻ“ āĻ—āϤি (Motion) āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻাāχ āφāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāĻ• (Relative):
āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒাāϰিāĻĒাāϰ্āĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ•েāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāϞে, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে, āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻĒাāϰিāĻĒাāϰ্āĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ•েāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āύা āĻ•āϰāϞে, āϤাāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ।
āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤāĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻāĻ•āϟি āφāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāĻ• āĻŦিāώ⧟। āĻāϟি āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ•্āώেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(1) āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ•্āώāĻ• āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে, āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ী, āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞাāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻĻেāĻ–ে।
(2) āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ•্āώāĻ• āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āϟ্āϰেāύে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে, āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āĻ“āχ āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ী, āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞাāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻĻেāĻ–ে।
(3) āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦেāĻ—ে, āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āĻ­িāĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ•োāύো āĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦāϞে āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰে।
(4) āĻŽাāĻ েāϰ āϧাāϰে āĻĻাঁ⧜ি⧟ে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻ•োāύো āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻāϰ্āĻļāĻ•েāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻ“āχ āĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āϟ্āϰেāύāϟি āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ“ āϤাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϝাāϤ্āϰীāĻĻেāϰāĻ•েāĻ“ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĻেāĻ–ে।
(5) āĻ•োāύো āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŦা āĻŦাāϏেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻĒāϰāϏ্āĻĒāϰ, āĻĒāϰāώ্āĻĒāϰāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–ে।

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āϤা āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে, āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ•্āώāĻ•েāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ।
āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻ•āϰি। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāϜেāχ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ। āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āύিāϜেāχ, āύিāϜ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāĻ•ে āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻ•āϰে āϘāϰāϤে āϘুāϰāϤে (āφāĻš্āύিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি) āϏূāϰ্āϝāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ (āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি) āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে। āφāĻŦাāϰ āϏূāϰ্āϝ, āύāĻ•্āώāϤ্āϰ, āύāĻ•্āώāϤ্āϰāĻĒুāĻž্āϜ āĻ•োāύোāĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āύেāχ। āϏāĻŦāχ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ।

āϤাāχ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āϚāϰāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (Absolute Rest) āĻŦা āϚāϰāĻŽ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ (Absolute Motion) āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āύেāχ। āφāĻŽāϰা āĻļুāϧু āĻ•োāύো āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻ•āϰি। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ•োāύো āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āφāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি (Relative Motion) āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟ āĻ•āϰি।
āϤাāχ āĻŦāϞা āϝা⧟, āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āϚāϰāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āϚāϰāĻŽ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϞে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āύেāχ। āĻĒুāϰোāϟাāχ āφāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāĻ•।
āϤাāχ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ—েāϞে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϜāύāĻ• āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Reference Frame) āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϜāύāĻ• āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ™্āĻ•āϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Co-ordinate System) āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ।

āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Reference Frame):
āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ—েāϞে, āϝে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟিāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟিāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Reference Body) āĻŦāϞে।
āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāχ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Reference Body) āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϜāύāĻ• āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻ•ে āĻŦেāĻ›ে āύি, āϝাāϤে āĻ“āχ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟিāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āϏāĻšāϜে āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰি। āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(1) āϏāĻŽāĻŦেāĻ—ে āϚāϞāĻŽাāύ āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে, āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻ•োāύো āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϞে, āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—েāχ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϜāύāĻ•।
(2) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ—েāϞে, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏাāĻĨেāχ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϜāύāĻ•।
(3) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦা āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϞে, āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϜāύāĻ•।

āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ™্āĻ•āϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ (Choice of Co-ordinate System):
āϝে āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϏংāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϏাāĻŽ্āϝ (Symmetry) āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϜāύāĻ• āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ™্āĻ•āϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āϤāĻŦে āĻŦেāĻļিāϰāĻ­াāĻ— āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāχ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•াāϰ্āϤেāϜী⧟ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ™্āĻ•āϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ (Cartesian Co-ordinate System) āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•ি। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻāχ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ™্āĻ•āϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώেāχ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϟি āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āĻ…āύ্āϤিāĻŽ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āĻ“ āϤাāϰ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāώ⧟ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāĻ–াāύে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা āϝে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ•āϰি āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻāχ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāĻ™্āĻ•āϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰāϟিāϰ āĻ—āϤি āϏংāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āϰাāĻļিāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻ•āϰি।
āϤাāχ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϞা āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি (Rest) āĻ“ āĻ—āϤিāϰ (Motion) āϏংāϜ্āĻžাāϟিāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟু āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰে āύিāχ।

āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Rest):
āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āϤাāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϤুāϞāύা⧟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা, āϏেāχ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে। āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŦা āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা (State of Rest)।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ী, āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞা, āĻĒাāĻšা⧜-āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ, āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦেāĻ—ে āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āĻ­িāĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĻুāϟি āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻ•াāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāχ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰাāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟।

āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা āϏāϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Body in Motion):
āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āϤাāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϤুāϞāύা⧟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϏেāχ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āϏāϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦāϞে। āϏāϚāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা (State of Motion)।
āϝেāĻŽāύ, āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āϟ্āϰেāύ, āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāϟāϰāĻ—া⧜ী, āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāϟāϰ āĻ—া⧜ীāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ­াāĻŦāϞে, āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āĻ—াāĻ›āĻĒাāϞা , āϘāϰāĻŦা⧜ীāϰ āĻĒিāĻ›āύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•েāϰ āĻ—āϤি āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।

āĻ•āĻŖাāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻŦা āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāĻ­āϰেāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖা (Concept of Particle or Point Mass):
āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻŦা āĻ—āϤি āύি⧟ে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ—ি⧟ে, āφāϞোāϚāύাāϰ āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āĻ•āĻŖা (Particle) āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻ•āϰে āύি। āϝেāĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰāχ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āĻ­āϰ āĻ“ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ āφāĻ›ে। āϝāĻĻি āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ āϝে āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ­āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāύ্āϤুāϤে āϘāύীāĻ­ূāϤ āφāĻ›ে āϤāĻ–āύ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ•āĻŖা āĻŦāϞে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ•āĻŖাāϰ āĻ­āϰ āφāĻ›ে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ āύেāχ।
āĻ•āĻŖাāϰ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦ āĻ…āϏ্āĻĨিāϤ্āĻŦ āύেāχ।

āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰāĻ­েāĻĻ (Kinds of Motion):
āĻ—āϤি āύাāύা āϰāĻ•āĻŽেāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ—āϤিāχ āĻ•োāύো āϏāϰāϞ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦা āĻĻুāϟি āϏāϰāϞ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦ⧟ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।

➤ āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি (Transnational Motion):
āĻāϟি āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻĻুāχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽেāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ:
⟹ āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি (Rectilinear Translational Motion):
⟹ āĻŦāĻ•্āϰāĻĒāĻĨে āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি (Curvilinear Translational Motion):

➤ āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤী⧟ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻ—āϤি āĻŦা āφāĻŦāϰ্āϤ āĻ—āϤি (Circular Motion):

➤ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤি (Rotational Motion):

➤ āĻĒāϰ্āϝা⧟āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻ—āϤি (Periodic Motion):
āĻāϟি āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻĻুāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।
⟹ āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦা āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ (Oscillation):
⟹ āϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻোāϞāĻ—āϤি (Simple Harmonic Motion):

➤ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰ āĻ—āϤি (Mixed Motion):

➤ āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি (Translational Motion):
āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšāϞে āĻāĻŦং āĻ“āχ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ•āϟি āĻ•āĻŖা āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāϰ āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻ–া⧟ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻĻূāϰāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ…āϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϞে, āϏেāχ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϞে।

⟹ āϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি (Rectilinear Translational Motion):
āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύো āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻ–া āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻšāϞে āϤাāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϰুāϞাāϰেāϰ āϧাāϰ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻĒেāύāϏিāϞ āĻĻি⧟ে āϏোāϜা āĻĻাāĻ— āĻ•াāϟাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒেāύāϏিāϞেāϰ āĻļিāϏেāϰ āĻ…āĻ—্āϰāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(ii) āϏোāϜা āϰাāϏ্āϤা āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āĻ—া⧜ীāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(iii) āϏোāϜা āϰেāϞāϞাāχāύ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āϟ্āϰেāύেāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(iv) āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāϞāĻ•ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āωঁāϚু āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĢেāϞে āĻĻিāϞে āϏেāϟি āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āύীāϚেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒ⧜āϤে āĻĨাāĻ•ে।
(v) āĻ…āĻ­িāĻ•āϰ্āώেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦে āύীāϚেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒāϤāύāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা āωāϞ্āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ­াāĻŦে āωāĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĻিāĻ•ে āύিāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āĻ•āϰা āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻ—āϤি।
(vi) āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻ–া āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻ‰ā§œāύ্āϤ āĻĒাāĻ–িāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(vii) āĻ•্āϝাāϰাāĻŽ āĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄেāϰ āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāχāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(viii) āĻ›াāĻĻ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĸিāϞāĻ•ে āĻ›ে⧜ে āĻĻিāϞে āϏেāϟি āϏোāϜাāϏুāϜি āύীāϚেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒ⧜āϤে āĻĨাāĻ•ে।
(ix) āĻ›াāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āύিāĻļ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāĻ• āϟুāĻ•āϰো āχঁāϟ āύীāϚে āĻĒ⧜ে āϝাāϚ্āĻ›ে।
(x) āϊāϰ্āĻĻ্āϧāĻ—াāĻŽী āĻŽাāϞāĻŦাāĻšী āĻŦেāϞুāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦাāϞিāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤা āĻĢেāϞে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞ।
(xi) āĻ—াāĻ› āĻĨেāĻ•ে āύীāϚেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒাāĻ•া āĻĢāϞেāϰ āĻ—āϤি।

⟹ āĻŦāĻ•্āϰāĻĒāĻĨে āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি (Curvilinear Translational Motion):
āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āϝāĻĻি āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨে āύা āĻ—ি⧟ে āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāĻ•্āϰāĻĒāϤ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ…āĻ­িāĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āϤাāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āĻŦāĻ•্āϰāĻĒāĻĨে āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻ›াāĻĻ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏাāĻŽāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে (āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে) āĻ›ুঁ⧜ে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(ii) āĻŦা⧟ুāϤে āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āύিāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(iii) āĻŦা⧟ুāϤে āĻŦāϰ্āĻļা āĻ›োঁ⧜া।
(iv) āĻŦাāϏ্āĻ•েāϟ āĻ…āĻ­িāĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻ›োঁ⧜া āĻŦাāϏ্āĻ•েāϟāĻŦāϞেāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(v) āφঁāĻ•াāĻŦাঁāĻ•া āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϚāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻ•োāύো āĻĒিঁāĻĒ⧜েāϰ āĻ—āϤি।

➤ āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤী⧟ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻ—āϤি āĻŦা āφāĻŦāϰ্āϤ āĻ—āϤি (Circular Motion):
āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•āĻŖা āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāĻ•ে āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āϘুāϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ“āχ āĻ•āĻŖাāϟিāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤী⧟ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ (āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি)।
(ii) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āϚাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ।
(iii) āϘ⧜িāϰ āĻ•াঁāϟাāϰ āĻ…āĻ—্āϰāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(iv) āĻŽেāϞা⧟ āύাāĻ—āϰāĻĻোāϞা āϘোāϰাāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(v) āϘ⧜িāϰ āĻĒেāύ্āĻĄুāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(vi) āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϰ āύিāωāĻ•্āϞি⧟াāϏেāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āχāϞেāĻ•āϟ্āϰāύ āĻ•āĻŖাāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(vii) āϏূāϤো⧟ āĻŦাঁāϧা āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āϟুāĻ•āϰোāĻ•ে āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āϘোāϰাāύো āĻšā§Ÿ।

➤ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤি (Rotational Motion):
āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύো āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ…āĻ•্āώেāϰ āϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώে āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āφāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰে, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ“āχ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ“āχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϞে। āĻāχ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤিāϤে āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϟি āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻĨাāĻ•ে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āϤাāϰ āύিāϜ āĻ…āĻ•্āώেāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻ•ে āφāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে (āφāĻš্āύিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি)।
(ii) āĻāĻ• āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ āĻĻাঁ⧜ি⧟ে āĻĒাāĻ• āĻ–েāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϞাāϟ্āϟুāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(iii) āĻŦৈāĻĻ্āϝুāϤিāĻ• āĻĒাāĻ–াāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(iii) āĻ•ুāĻŽোāϰেāϰ āϚাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ—āϤি।

➤ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦা āϜāϟিāϞ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦা āϚāϞāύ āĻ“ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ:
āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ—āϤি āϚāϞāύ āĻ“ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤী⧟ āĻ—āϤি āĻ“ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ্āύ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻšāϞে āϏেāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦা āϜāϟিāϞ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻ•োāύো āĻ—া⧜ীāϰ āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āϚাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ—āϤি:[āĻāϟি āϚāϞāύ āĻ“ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
(ii) āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻ–া āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āϚāϞāύ্āϤ āϏাāχāĻ•েāϞেāϰ āĻ—āϤি:[āĻāϟি āϚāϞāύ āĻ“ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
(iii) āϏ্āĻ•্āϰু-āĻĄ্āϰাāχāĻ­াāϰেāϰ āĻ—āϤি:[āĻāϟি āϚāϞāύ āĻ“ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]
(iv) āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ—্āϝাāϏ āĻ…āĻŖুāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻ—āϤি:[āĻāϟি āϚāϞāύ, āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāύ]
(v) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি:[āĻāϟি āϚāϞāύ āĻ—āϤি, āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤী⧟ āĻ—āϤি āĻ“ āϘূāϰ্āĻŖāύ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ]

➤ āĻĒāϰ্āϝা⧟āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻ—āϤি (Periodic Motion):
āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•āĻŖা āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻ…āϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦা āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻĒুāύāϰাāĻŦৃāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻ“āχ āĻ•āĻŖাāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰ্āϝা⧟āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϞে।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āφāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ—āϤি।
(ii) āϘ⧜িāϰ āĻ•াঁāϟাāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(iii) āĻĻেāĻ“ā§ŸাāϞ āϘ⧜িāϰ āĻĻোāϞāĻ•েāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(iv) āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻšৃā§ŽāĻĒিāύ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻ—āϤি।

⟹ āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦা āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ (Oscillation or Vibration):
āĻĒāϰ্āϝা⧟āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻ—āϤি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ্āύ āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•āĻŖা āϝāĻĻি āĻ—āϤিāĻĒāĻĨেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāĻ•ে āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻĻিāĻ•-āĻ“āĻĻিāĻ• (To and Fro) āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻ“āχ āĻ•āĻŖাāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦা āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻŦāϞে।āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āϧীāϰ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāύ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ āĻ•āĻĨাāϟি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏ্āĻĒ্āϰীং āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤে āφāϟāĻ•াāύো āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(ii) āĻĻোāϞāĻ• āϘ⧜িāϰ āĻĻোāϞāĻ•েāϰ āĻ—āϤি।
(iii) āϏুāϰāĻļāϞাāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦাāĻšুāϰ āĻ—āϤি।

⟹ āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻোāϞāĻ—āϤি (Simple Harmonic Motion):
āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨে āĻ—āϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ•োāύো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•āĻŖা āϝāĻĻি āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāϰāϞāϰেāĻ–া āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ, āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻুāϰ āĻ…āĻ­িāĻŽুāĻ–ে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āφāϏা āĻ•āϰে, āϤāĻ–āύ āϤাāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āĻĻোāϞāĻ—āϤি āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ।
āĻāχ āϏāϰāϞāϰৈāĻ–িāĻ• āĻĻোāϞāĻ—āϤিāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻļীāϞ āĻŦāϞ, āĻ•āĻŖাāϟিāϰ āĻ—āϤিāĻĒāĻĨেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻŦিāύ্āĻĻু āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻ…āĻ­িāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻ“āχ āĻŦিāύ্āĻĻু āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ•āĻŖাāϟিāϰ āϏāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা āϏāĻŽাāύুāĻĒাāϤিāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿ।
āϝেāĻŽāύ,
(i) āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻোāϞāĻ•েāϰ āĻ—āϤি।

Class: I (Concept of Rest, Motion, Types of Motion):
Class: II (Concept of Distance And Displacement):

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